Fig 1. A 68-year-old woman with left cavenous sinus dural AVF.

A-C, Preoperative IADSAs (A and B) show a cavenous sinus dural AVF with early filling in the bilateral inferior petrosal sinus (IPS; arrowheads) and the dilated superior ophthalmic vein (SOV; arrow). C, Preoperative MRDSA (axial) shows early venous filling in the cavenous sinus (arrowhead), IPS (double arrowheads), and reflux into the sphenoparietal sinus (arrows) and SOV (double arrows).

D-F, After TVE, IADSAs (D and E) show a small residual shunt (arrowhead) in the cavenous sinus. F, Postoperative MRDSA is unable to detect this shunt.