American Journal of Neuroradiology 20:917-922 (5 1999)
© 1999 American Society of Neuroradiology
ARTICLE
Developmental Changes of Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Metabolism in Children
a From the Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1–1 Seiryou-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Normal values for cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism in adults are well established, but not for children. Our goal, therefore, was to clarify functional developmental changes of the brain in children in relation to CBF and oxygen metabolism.
METHODS: We measured regional CBF (rCBF), regional cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (rCMRO2), and regional oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF), using positron emission tomography (PET). We performed 30 PET studies in 24 children ages 10 days to 16 years (nine boys, 15 girls), using a steady inhalation method with C15O2, 15O2, and 15CO in order to measure rCBF, rCMRO2, and rOEF, respectively. Regions of interest were set in the primary cerebral areas (sensorimotor, visual, temporal, and parietal cortex), cerebral association areas (frontal and visual association), basal ganglia (lenticular and thalamus), and posterior fossa (brain stem and cerebellar cortex). Subjects were grouped by age (<1, 1 to <3, 3 to <8, and 
8 years), and the absolute values of the parameters were compared with those obtained from 10 healthy adults.
RESULTS: rCBF and rCMRO2 were lower in the neonatal period than in older children and adults, and increased significantly during early childhood. rCBF was higher as compared with adults, peaking around age 7, whereas rCMRO2 was relatively high, with the last area to increase being the frontal association cortex. Both rCBF and rCMRO2 reached adult values during adolescence. No difference in rCBF was observed between the basal ganglia and the primary cerebral cortex; however, it was prominent in the occipital lobe in every age bracket. No significant changes in rOEF were found during childhood.
CONCLUSION: The dynamic changes of rCBF and rCMRO2 observed in children probably reflect the physiologic developmental state within anatomic areas of the brain.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  E. A. Verhagen, P. Keating, H. J. ter Horst, A. Martijn, and A. F. Bos Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Extraction in Preterm Infants With Transient Periventricular Echodensities Pediatrics, July 1, 2009; 124(1): 294 - 301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. W. van den Tweel, A. J. Nederveen, C. B. L. M. Majoie, J. H. van der Lee, L. Wagener-Schimmel, M. A. A. van Walderveen, B. T. P. The, P. J. Nederkoorn, H. Heijboer, and K. Fijnvandraat Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement in Children With Sickle Cell Disease Using Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling at 3.0-Tesla MRI Stroke, March 1, 2009; 40(3): 795 - 800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Ilves, M. Lintrop, I. Talvik, K. Muug, K. Asser, and M. Veinla Developmental Changes in Cerebral and Visceral Blood Flow Velocity in Healthy Neonates and Infants J. Ultrasound Med., February 1, 2008; 27(2): 199 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Tontisirin, S. L. Muangman, P. Suz, C. Pihoker, D. Fisk, A. Moore, A. M. Lam, and M. S. Vavilala Early Childhood Gender Differences in Anterior and Posterior Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity and Autoregulation Pediatrics, March 1, 2007; 119(3): e610 - e615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Shanmugalingam, J. S. Thornton, O. Iwata, A. Bainbridge, F. E. O'Brien, A. N. Priest, R. J. Ordidge, E. B. Cady, J. S. Wyatt, and N. J. Robertson Comparative Prognostic Utilities of Early Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spin-Spin Relaxometry and Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Neonatal Encephalopathy Pediatrics, October 1, 2006; 118(4): 1467 - 1477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D. Devous Sr., D. Altuna, N. Furl, W. Cooper, G. Gabbert, W. T. Ngai, S. Chiu, J. M. Scott III, T. S. Harris, J. K. Payne, et al. Maturation of Speech and Language Functional Neuroanatomy in Pediatric Normal Controls. J Speech Lang Hear Res, August 1, 2006; 49(4): 856 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Wintermark, D. Lepori, J. Cotting, E. Roulet, G. van Melle, R. Meuli, P. Maeder, L. Regli, F. R. Verdun, T. Deonna, et al. Brain Perfusion in Children: Evolution With Age Assessed by Quantitative Perfusion Computed Tomography Pediatrics, June 1, 2004; 113(6): 1642 - 1652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. K. Oguz, X. Golay, F. B. Pizzini, C. A. Freer, N. Winrow, R. Ichord, J. F. Casella, P. C. M. van Zijl, and E. R. Melhem Sickle Cell Disease: Continuous Arterial Spin-labeling Perfusion MR Imaging in Children Radiology, May 1, 2003; 227(2): 567 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|