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AJNR - American Journal of Neuroradiology

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The Cerebellum's Role in Reading: A Functional MR Imaging Study

Robert K. Fulbright^,a, Annette R. Jenner^a, W. Einer Mencl^a, Kenneth R. Pugh^a, Bennett A. Shaywitz^a, Sally E. Shaywitz^a, Stephen J. Frost^a, Pawel Skudlarski^a, R. Todd Constable^a, Cheryl M. Lacadie^a, Karen E. Marchione^a and John C. Gore^a

^a From the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.K.F., P.S., R.T.C., C.M.L., J.C.G.), Pediatrics (K.R.P., B.A.S., S.E.S., K.E.M.), Neurology (B.A.S.), and Applied Physics (J.C.G.), Yale University, and Haskins Laboratories (A.R.J., E.M., K.R.P., S.J.F.), New Haven, CT.

View larger version (63K): [in a new window]   FIG 1. Composite maps (first order, see Table) show regional cerebellar activation during the four reading tasks. Column one compares the case task with the line task (C/L), column two compares the word rhyme task with the line task (WR/L), column three compares the non-word rhyme task with the line task (NWR/L), and column four compares the category task with the line task (CT/L). There is a progressive increase in demand on cognitive processing in going from column one to column four. Numbers indicate cerebellar regions that were more active (P = .005, red-yellow scale) in a reading task compared with the line task; letters indicate areas of the cerebellum that were more active (P = .005, blue-purple scale) in the line task compared with a reading task. 1, anterior aspect of the simple lobule; 2, middle and lateral aspects of the posterior superior fissure and adjacent simple lobule and superior semilunar lobule; 3, middle aspect of the horizontal fissure and adjacent superior semilunar lobule and inferior semilunar lobule; 4, middle aspect of the prepyramidal fissure and adjacent inferior semilunar lobule; 5, posterior and lateral aspects of the horizontal fissure and adjacent superior semilunar lobule and inferior semilunar lobule; 6, posterior and lateral aspects of the posterior superior fissure and adjacent simple lobule and superior semilunar lobule; 7, posterior aspect of inferior semilunar lobule; and 8, posterior and medial aspects of the posterior superior fissure and adjacent simple lobule and superior semilunar lobule. a, inferior vermis; b, postpyramidal fissure and medial aspect of the tonsils; c, biventer lobule; d, medial aspect of the biventer lobule; and e, the middle and posterior aspects of the horizontal fissure and adjacent superior semilunar lobule and inferior semilunar lobule. Section locations in each column from superior to inferior correspond to the following approximate y axis positions of the Talairach atlas: -40, -50, -60, -70, -80, and -90.

View larger version (59K): [in a new window]   FIG 2. Composite maps (second order, see Table) contrast cerebellar activation during different reading conditions. The SPMs from the case/line comparison served as a baseline for comparison with the SPMs from other task comparisons to generate the three composite maps: non-word rhyme (non-word rhyme/line versus case/line, column one), word rhyme (word-rhyme/line versus case/line, column two), and category (category/line versus case/line, column three). Numbers indicate cerebellar regions that were more active (P = .005, red-yellow scale) in either category/line, word rhyme/line, or non-word rhyme/line compared with case/line, respectively. Column two (word rhyme) shows no significant difference in activation between word rhyme/line and case/line. In the non-word rhyme condition (column 1, arrow A) , participants performed the same task (judge whether letter strings rhyme) as in the word rhyme condition but on unfamiliar stimuli (non-word letter strings). Activation in the non-word rhyme condition occurred in the medial aspect of posterior superior fissure and adjacent simple lobule and superior semilunar lobule bilaterally (1), the medial and posterior aspects of the superior semilunar lobule bilaterally (3), the posterior aspect of the posterior superior fissure and adjacent simple and superior semilunar lobules bilaterally (4), the posterior and medial aspect of the simple lobule on the right (6), and the posterior and medial aspects of the inferior semilunar lobule on the left (7). In the category condition (column 3, arrow B), participants viewed similar stimuli (word pairs) as in the word-rhyme condition but were required to make a more elaborate semantic analysis (category judgment versus rhyme judgment). Cerebellar activation in the category condition was observed in the right deep nuclear region (2), the middle and posterior aspects of the horizontal fissure and adjacent superior semilunar lobule and inferior semilunar lobule bilaterally (3), the inferior vermis (5), the posterior and medial aspects of the simple lobule bilaterally (6), and the posterior and medial aspects of the inferior semilunar lobule bilaterally (7). There were no areas of the cerebellum that were more active (P = .005, blue-purple scale) in the case/line condition compared with the other reading conditions. Section locations in each column from superior to inferior correspond to the following y axis positions of the Talairach atlas: -40, -50, -60, -70, -80, and -90.