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AJNR - American Journal of Neuroradiology

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MDMA ("Ecstasy") and Its Association with Cerebrovascular Accidents: Preliminary Findings

Liesbeth Reneman^,a, Jan B. A. Habraken^a, Charles B. L. Majoie^a, Jan Booij^a and Gerard J. den Heeten^a

^a From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine (Graduate School of Neurosciences) (L.R., J.B.A.H., J.B., G.J.D.H.) and Radiology (J.B.A.H., C.B.L.M., G.J.D.H.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   FIG 1. The mean and individual [123I]R91150 binding ratios in the cortex: control subjects versus MDMA and ex-MDMA users. Cortical binding ratios were calculated as cortical binding / binding in the cerebellum. Asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference in binding ratio as compared with control subjects and ex-MDMA users

View larger version (50K): [in a new window]   FIG 2. [123I]R91150 SPECT images in a control subject, a recent MDMA user, and an ex-MDMA user. Transverse slices from the brain at the level of the basal ganglia, approximately 3 cm above the orbitomeatal line. In the three images, the level of [123I]R91150 activity is color-coded from low (black) to high (white) and scaled to the maximum in the slice obtained in the control subject. The three images are representative of the three groups: in the control subject, there is normal [123I]R91150 binding, in the recent MDMA user, low [123I]R91150 binding, and in the ex-MDMA user, high [123I]R91150 binding

View larger version (79K): [in a new window]   FIG 3. Higher rCBV values are observed in the left globus pallidus and right thalamus in the ex-MDMA users than in the control subjects. After registration in the same orientation (in six control subjects and two ex-MDMA users), an unpaired Student's t-test was performed on each voxel of generated rCBV maps, revealing significant differences in the colored regions (yellow, P < .025; red, P < .005). Images were obtained at intervals of 1202 milliseconds (800/54) before, during, and after injection of contrast agent

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   FIG 4. A–D, Cortical [123I]R91150 binding versus rCBV values in specific brain regions. Open square, control subjects; solid square, MDMA users. Each symbol represents an individual subject