Europium Fluorescence to Visualize N-Butyl 2-Cyanoacrylate in Embolized Vessels of an Arteriovenous Malformation Swine Model
William J. Calvoa,
Baruch B. Lieber
,a,
L. Nelson Hopkinsa and
Ajay K. Wakhlooa
a From the Toshiba Stroke Research Center (W.J.C., B.B.L., L.N.H.); the Department of Neurosurgery (B.B.L. L.N.H.), School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (B.B.L.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N Y; and the Departments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery (A.K.W.), University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
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FIG 1. High-resolution radiogram and histologic stains of postembolized rete for chronic AVM model obtained using an 80:20 Lipiodol:NBCA ratio (volume %). Note red arrow indicates site and direction of glue injection during experiment. Three locations along the rete were selected for cross-sections, as indicated by the yellow lines. The insets represent the results of tissue staining at each indicated location. Scale bars are (clockwise, from upper right) 100, 2000, 100, 100, and 500 µm.
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FIG 2. High-resolution radiogram and histologic stains of postembolized rete for chronic AVM model obtained using a 50:50 Lipiodol:NBCA ratio (volume %). Note red arrow indicates site and direction of glue injection during experiment. Three locations along the rete were selected for cross-sections, as indicated by the yellow lines. The insets represent the results of tissue staining at each indicated location. Scale bars are (clockwise, from upper right) 1000, 50, 100, 100, 1000, 100 and 2000 µm.
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FIG 3. High-resolution radiogram and histologic stains of postembolized rete for chronic AVM model obtained using a 50:50 Lipiodol:NBCA ratio (volume %) with 20 µL of GAA added. Note red arrow indicates site and direction of glue injection during experiment. Two locations along the rete were selected for cross-sections, as indicated by the yellow lines. The insets represent the results of tissue staining at each indicated location. Magnifications are (clockwise, from upper right) 2000, 100, 200, 200, and 2000 µm
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FIG 4. Paraffin-embedded rete tissue after europium emission observed at 614 nm for an 80:20 Lipiodol:NBCA ratio. Cross-sections were processed in the absence of TEC (left panel) and with TEC (right panel). Positions of the vessel wall and lumen are indicated. Scale bar distance is as shown
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FIG 5. Paraffin-embedded rete tissue after europium emission observed at 614 nm for an 80:20 Lipiodol:NBCA ratio. Cross-section was processed with TEC. Positions of the vessel wall and lumen are indicated. Scale bar distance is as shown.FIG 6. Paraffin-embedded rete tissue cross-section after TEC-processing and upon europium emission observed at 614 nm for a 50:50 Lipiodol:NBCA ratio. Position of the vessel wall is indicated. Scale bar distance is as shown.FIG 7. Paraffin-embedded rete tissue cross-section after TEC processing and upon europium emission observed at 614 nm for a 50:50 Lipiodol:NBCA ratio (plus 20 µL of GAA). Scale bar distance is as shown.
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FIG 8. Distribution of the various components comprising the glue-oil mixture for an NBCA:Lipiodol ratio of 50:50 (with 20 µL of GAA added), as measured by image analysis of the TEC-processed tissue cross-section (see figure 7)
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