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AJNR - American Journal of Neuroradiology

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Effect of Glacial Acetic Acid and Ethiodized Oil Concentration on Embolization with N-Butyl 2-Cyanoacrylate: An in Vivo Investigation

Matthew J. Gounis^a, Baruch B. Lieber^a,b, Ajay K. Wakhloo^b,c, Ralf Siekmann^d and L.N. Hopkins^e

^a Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL
^b Department of Radiology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
^c Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL
^d the Center for Radiology, Giessen University, Giessen, Germany
^e Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY

View larger version (96K): [in a new window]   FIG 1. Digital subtraction angiograms show rabbit arteries with flow probe positions indicated (arrows). A, Femoral artery. B, Subclavian artery.

View larger version (60K): [in a new window]   FIG 2. Digital subtraction angiograms show different stages of the embolization procedure in a femoral artery. A, Injection begins as a drop of the glue mixture forms at the catheter tip. B, Midway through the embolization procedure, the glue mixture penetrates the ultrasonic beam of the flow probe. C, Glue mixture has completely polymerized, leading to flow cessation in the artery.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   FIG 3. Flow data acquired during embolization of the femoral artery of the rabbit after filtering. Thick black line depicts the reflected, optimized model fit superimposed on the filtered flow data. Model is representative of the mean flow.

View larger version (53K): [in a new window]   FIG 4. TEFA factors () for the glue mixtures tested. Oil-NBCA ratios are provided in percent by volume, and indicated volume of GAA is per milliliter of NBCA. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   FIG 5. Linear regression analysis performed on the TEFA factor () plotted versus the quantity of GAA added to the glue mixture (per milliliter of NBCA). Plots are separated by the percent by volume of ethiodized oil compared with that of cyanoacrylate. Regression line (solid line) is shown in each plot, with corresponding equation and Pearson correlation coefficient provided. The 95% confidence interval lies between the dotted lines. A, 50:50. B, 65:35. C, 80:20.