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AJNR - American Journal of Neuroradiology

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The Mind’s Eye: Functional MR Imaging Evaluation of Golf Motor Imagery

Jeffrey S. Ross^a, Jean Tkach^a, Paul M. Ruggieri^a, Michael Lieber^a and Eric Lapresto^b

^a From the Division of Radiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
^b Section of Neuroradiology, Division of Neurosurgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH

View larger version (75K): [in a new window]   FIG 1. Areas of brain activation for the participant with a handicap of 13, rest-versus-golf paradigm for 1.5 T (left) and 3.0 T (right), show a similar pattern for both field strengths. Areas of brain activation are shown overlaid on the axial view images of the brain.

View larger version (80K): [in a new window]   FIG 2. Areas of brain activation compared for the participants with handicaps (hcp) of 13 (upper panel) and 0 (lower panel), wall-versus-golf paradigm. Image of the participant with a handicap of 13 can also be compared with the other paradigm shown in Figure 1. The wall-versus-golf paradigm shows overall diminished brain activation, with much less activation in the better player.

View larger version (52K): [in a new window]   FIG 3. Schematic of regions of interest drawn for each participant. The brain regions are shown for each typical section of the functional MR imaging data set, proceeding as in Figures 1 and 2 from the top of the brain at top left to the base of the brain at bottom right. F, frontal lobe; M, motor; S, sensory; P, parietal; Sma, supplementary motor area; C, cingulated; B, basal ganglia; T, temporal lobe; O, occipital lobe; Ce, cerebellar hemisphere; Br, brain stem; V, vermis of cerebellum.

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   FIG 4. Percent area of activation in the participant with a handicap of 13. Data shown represent an average of the percentage area of activation from five separate experiments of the rest-versus-golf paradigm and are sorted from the highest level of activation to the lowest. Vermis of cerebellum, supplementary motor area, motor areas, and cerebellar hemispheres show the greatest activation. R, right; L, left; SMA, supplementary motor area.

View larger version (66K): [in a new window]   FIG 5. All data from the rest-versus-golf paradigm are sorted by areas of activation using the data from the participant with a handicap of 13 from the rest-versus-golf paradigm as a template. R, right; L, left; SMA, supplementary motor area.

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   FIG 6. Wall-versus-golf paradigm data sorted by areas of activation using the data from the participant with a handicap of 13 as a template, as in Figure 5. R, right; L, left; SMA, supplementary motor area.

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   FIG 7. Activation of wall-versus-golf paradigm of ≥2%. The greatest activation in multiple areas occurred in the participant with the highest handicap. R, right; L, left; SMA, supplementary motor area.

View larger version (64K): [in a new window]   FIG 8. Fused functional and 3D T1 gradient-echo data for three participants spanning the handicap (HCP) range show increased activation along the motor cortex in the participant with the highest handicap.

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   FIG 9. Fused functional and 3D T1 gradient-echo data show mesial surface of right hemisphere, with increasing supplementary motor area activation correlated with increasing handicap (HCP).