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AJNR - American Journal of Neuroradiology

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Acute and Chronic Swine Rete Arteriovenous Malformation Models: Effect of Ethiodol and Glacial Acetic Acid on Penetration, Dispersion, and Injection Force of N-Butyl 2-Cyanoacrylate

B. B. Lieber^a,b, A. K. Wakhloo^a,b, R. Siekmann^c and M. J. Gounis^a

^a Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
^b Department of Radiology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
^c Department of Neuroradiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   FIG 1. Radiograms of a harvested embolized rete obtained from a mammography unit operating at a 0.1-mm micro–focal spot. The Lipiodol/NBCA+GAA mixture penetrated most of the rete (arrow indicates the direction of blood flow).

View larger version (67K): [in a new window]   FIG 2. Centerline superimposed on the rete image.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   FIG 3. Quantification of the grayscale of a rete image with glue cast. A, Determination of the rete coordinate system and the angular sampling rate. B, Sectors along the centerline for calculations of the cumulative intensity values within each sector (one sector is shaded for presentation).

View larger version (53K): [in a new window]   FIG 4. A, Radiograph of a rete embolized with 50/50 + 0 µL Lipiodol/NBCA+GAA. B, Image of embolized vessels only after threshold filtering.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   FIG 5. A, Sector averaged grayscale intensity profiles for the rete (of Fig 4), including the embolized vasculature and for only the glue after threshold filtering. B, Intensity ratio of the two functions shown in panel A.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   FIG 6. Penetration depth (mean values) for different glue mixtures in acute and chronic AVM model in swine (error bars denote the standard error of the mean [SEM]; P = .002).

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   FIG 7. Mean of dispersion parameter for different glue mixtures in acute and chronic AVM model in swine (error bars denote SEM; P = .022).

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   FIG 8. Used injection force (mean values) for different glue mixtures. Note one data set is excluded from 50/50 + 20 group. (Error bars denote SEM; P = .044).

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   FIG 9. Injection impulse (mean values) for different glue mixtures. Note one data set is excluded from 50/50 + 20 group. (Error bars denote SEM; P = .0023).