Published ahead of print on January 31, 2008
doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A0909
High-Resolution Imaging of an Ancient Egyptian Mummified Head: New Insights into the Mummification Process
R. Guptaa,
Y. Markowitzc,
L. Bermanc and
P. Chapmanb
a Department of Neuroradiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
b Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
c Department of Art of the Ancient World, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass
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Fig. 2. Multiple 3D surface-rendered views of the mummified skull showing the various surgical defects discussed in this article and detailed in subsequent illustrations.
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Fig. 3. Posterior, anterior, and oblique views of the wrapping around the head. Notice the posterior occipital scalp defect and the near-normal appearance of the malar region despite extensive mutilations to the facial skeleton.
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Fig. 4. A slightly transparent view from the top of the cranial vault showing anterior and middle cranial fossa. The defect in the cribriform plate is apparent, and, through it, the contents of the nasal cavity can be partially visualized.
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Fig. 5. A surface-rendered, inferior view looking up (left) and a superior view looking down (right), showing the defect in the cribriform plate that establishes a communication between the nasal cavity and the intracranial space.
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Fig. 6. Inferior views looking up (top and bottom left), and a superior view looking down (bottom right) showing the defect in the posterior cranial fossa, illustrated with the help of 2 clip planes. Note the jagged nature of the margins of this defect.
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Fig. 7. A zoomed in, left superior oblique view showing the weaving pattern of the headband and the wrapping over the forehead and the nose.
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Fig. 8. Missing right zygoma (left image) and left zygoma complex fracture (arrow in right image). The attenuated bone fragment near the nasal opening in the left image probably represents a tooth fragment. The body of the left zygoma is free floating, because it has been disarticulated from the surrounding bones and pushed into the left maxillary sinus.
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Fig. 9. Left and right lateral views (top and bottom rows, respectively) showing resected zygomatic arches and the coronoid processes of the mandibles bilaterally. The images on the left are surface rendered to depict the sharp edges of the osteotomies.
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Fig. 10. A superior view of the cut surface of the coronoid processes (thick arrows). The right styloid process is intact; that on the left has been sharply resected. Also note the socket of the third right molar (small arrow).
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Fig. 11. Detail of left temporomandibular joint showing the sharp resection margin of the coronoid process, fracture of the articular tubercle of the mandibular fossa, and sharp resection margins of the zygomatic arch.
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