American Journal of Neuroradiology 26:1220-1222, May 2005
© 2005 American Society of Neuroradiology
Case Report
HEAD AND NECK
Nocardial Endophthalmitis and Subretinal Abscess: CT and MR Imaging Features with Pathologic Correlation: A Case Report
Eugene Yua,
Suzanne Laughlina,c,
Edward E. Kassela,
Hans A. Messnerb and
Yeni H. Yuceld
a Department of Neuroradiology, University Health Network
b Department of Hematology, University Health Network
c Department of Neuroradiology, Mount Sinai Hospital
d Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Address correspondence to Eugene Yu, MD, Department of Medical Imaging, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue Room 3-922, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2M9
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Abstract
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Summary: Ocular nocardiosis is a rare but potentially aggressive
process. Clinically, it can mimic other disease entities, including
neoplasia and other types of infection. We present a case of
nocardial panophthalmitis progressing to subretinal abscess
and emphasize the radiologic and clinical features.
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Introduction
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Intraocular nocardial infection is most commonly caused by an
aerobic, filamentous, branching bacterium called
Nocardia asteroides (
1). Ocular infection can manifest in many forms corresponding
to the area of the globe that is involved. Aggressive disease
can lead to the development of endophthalmitis and intraocular
abscess formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
first case in the literature demonstrating the CT and MR imaging
features of an intraocular nocardial abscess.
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Case Report
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A 41-year-old woman presented with redness, pain, and decreased
visual acuity in the left eye. The patient had undergone an
unrelated bone marrow transplant 7 months prior. Her medications
at the time included cyclosporine and prednisone. Ophthalmologic
examination of the affected eye revealed a small hypopyon, vitreal
haze, and only the visual perception of hand motion. An urgent
MR imaging revealed generalized scleral thickening, edema and
small, irregular enhancing foci in the vitreous (
Fig 1A, -B).
The presumptive diagnosis of a likely viral uveitis and vitreitis
was made, and the patient was started on antiviral therapy.
The possibility of an ocular leukemic relapse was also kept
in mind, and the patient underwent a pars plana vitrectomy,
conjunctival biopsy, and blood cultures. The vitrectomy samples
yielded negative cultures, with no evidence of bacteria. Viral
polymerase chain reaction for herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus,
Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus (HHV) and blood cultures
and toxoplasma IgG were also negative. In the weeks that followed,
the patient’s vision continued to deteriorate and the
left eye became completely blind. A second MR imaging and a
CT scan of the orbits were performed. CT imaging (
Fig 2) revealed
progression of disease with marked irregular wall thickening
of the left globe and irregularity along the optic nerve. Inflammatory
changes within the retroorbital fat, proptosis, and preseptal
edema was also noted. An MR image was obtained the same day
(
Fig 3A–D), which confirmed the presence of disease progression.
Folded leaves of the detached left retinal were clearly visible
on the T2-weighted scans. MR imaging also showed evidence of
early inflammatory change involving the right globe and lateral
rectus musculature. Diffusion-weighted and apparent diffusion
coefficient (ADC) images showed restricted diffusion in the
left-side subretinal fluid, compatible with an abscess collection.
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FIG 1. A, Axial T1-weighted, postcontrast, fat-saturated image (350/20 [TR/TE]) through the orbits shows generalized scleral thickening involving the left eye. Small irregular enhancing foci are evident posteriorly within the vitreous chamber.
B, Axial T2-weighted, fat-saturated image (3,050/106.2 [TR/TE]) shows a lentiform area of low signal intensity posteromedialy within the left vitreous chamber. The diagnostic considerations included a scleritis with possible subretinal or subchoroidal effusion as well as the possibility of ocular leukemic infiltration.
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FIG 2. Unenhanced axial CT image of the orbits demonstrates marked inflammatory changes involving the globe and extending along the optic nerve. Proptosis and preseptal edema is also evident.
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FIG 3. A, Axial T1-weighted, postcontrast, fat-saturated image (350/20 [TR/TE]) more clearly shows the marked left scleral wall thickening and orbital inflammatory change. A thin curvilinear enhancing membrane is also seen in the vitreous. Early wall thickening involving the right globe and enhancement along the right lateral rectus musculature is also seen.
B, Axial T2-weighted, fat-saturated imaging (3,516.7/85.6 [TR/TE]) shows folded curvilinear membranes situated within the vitreous consistent with retinal detachment.
C and D, Diffusion and ADC images demonstrates restricted diffusion within the left-side subretinal collection, which was consistent with abscess.
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Because of the severe damage to the left eye, a decision was made to enucleate the globe.
Two days before surgery, the patient developed a pustule on her left forearm. This was sampled, and histology and culture revealed N. asteroides. The pathologic examination of the globe revealed a panophthalmitis with inflammatory infiltration of the sclera and choroid. Scleral perforation and a retinal detachment were also present. Purulent material was also filling the vitreous and subretinal space (Fig 4), which nicely correlated with the finding on MR imaging. Gram stains revealed the presence of filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria (Fig 5). Aggressive antimicrobial therapy was instituted. The vision in the remaining eye was 20/20 following surgery. Shortly thereafter, the patient’s condition deteriorated and was complicated by the development of a generalized seizure and subdural fluid collections. The patient also developed skin and flank nodules, which were attributed to nocardia. Acute respiratory distress syndrome then developed, and the patient died approximately 3 weeks following surgery.
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FIG 4. Axially sectioned macroscopic image of the left eye shows evidence of a purulent subretinal collection. Hemorrhage within the vitreous chamber is also evident.
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FIG 5. Gram-stain image shows branching filamentous bacteria. Cultures revealed the presence of N. asteroides.
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Discussion
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Nocardia is an aerobic, Gram-positive bacterium that is of the
order Actinomycetales, which is ubiquitous in soil. It is characterized
by the formation of branching filamentous chains and acid fast
staining (
2). The organism can affect the skin, upper respiratory
tract, and lungs as well as the pharyngeal mucosa. Ninety percent
of human infections are caused by
N. asteroides (
3), with pulmonary
disease being the most common form of infection (
4). Ocular
infection can manifest in various forms including keratitis,
conjunctivitis, scleritis, and endophthalmitis. The preseptal
soft tissues, as well as the lacrimal system, can also be affected
(
2,
5). Ocular disease can develop from exogenous routes such
as following ocular surgery or direct trauma and inoculation.
Endogenous/hematogenous spread, especially from a pulmonary
source, can also lead to ocular and CNS seeding. Predisposing
conditions to infection include patient immunosuppression following
organ transplantation or chemotherapy. Cases of ocular nocardia
infection in patients with systemic lupus erytnematosus (SLE)
and Behcet disease have also been documented (
6,
7).
As seen in this case report, ocular nocardiosis can be notoriously difficult to diagnose. Cultures and smears can be negative in approximately one-third of cases (8). Furthermore, systemic and ocular manifestations of nocardia can resemble that of fungal infections (6). Prompt diagnosis is necessary to ensure to commencement of appropriate antibacterial therapy. Reports have shown the benefits of vitrectomy or fine needle aspiration (FNA) vitreal specimens in aiding diagnosis (3, 6, 9). Treatment of ocular infection will vary with the location and severity of disease. Whereas a superficial nocardial keratitis can be treated with the use of topical sulfacetamide drops, a more aggressive infection will require systemic therapy and possibly surgical intervention.
In this case, the patient developed an enophthalmitis without another obvious primary source. The patient was immunocompromised secondary to her medications following bone marrow transplant. The clear diagnosis of ocular nocardia infection was made only after enucleation and subsequent pathologic examination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature documenting the radiographic evolution of nocardia endophthalmitis progressing to subretinal abscess formation.
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Conclusion
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Intraocular nocardial infection is a rare disease that can cause
severe patient morbidity and mortality. Successful treatment
requires a high index of suspicion, particularly in the immunocompromised
patient population.
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References
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- Rogers SJ, Johnson BL. Endogenous nocardia endophthalmitis: report of a case in a patient treated for lymphocytic lymphoma. Ann Ophthalmol 1977;9:1123–1131[Medline]
- Sridhar MS, Gopinathan U, Garg P, et al. Ocular nocardia infections with special emphasis on the cornea. Surv Ophthalmol 2001;45:361–378[Medline]
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- Suppiah R, Abraham G, Sekhar U, et al. Nocardial endophthalmitis leading to blindness in a renal transplant recipient. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14:1576–1577[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Climenhaga DB, Tokarewicz AC, Willis NR. Nocardia keratitis. Can J Ophthalmol 1984;19:284–286[Medline]
- Yap EY, Fam HB, Leong KP, Buettner H. Nocardia choroidal abscess in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1998;26:337–338[Medline]
- Korkmaz C, Aydinli A, Erol N, et al. Widespread nocardiosis in two patients with Behcet’s disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001;19:459–462[Medline]
- Ng EW, Zimmer-Galler IE, Green WR. Endogenous Nocardia asteroides endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:210–213[Free Full Text]
- Bozbeyoglu S, Yilmaz G, Akova YA, et al. Choroidal abscess due to nocardial infection in a renal allograft recipient. Retina 2004;24:164–166[Medline]
Received July 13, 2004;
accepted after revision July 18, 2004.
TOP
Abstract
Introduction