Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Polyglycolic/polylactic acid–covered platinum coils have been proposed to reduce the rate of aneurysm recanalization after endovascular treatment. A prospective and multicenter registry was conducted in France to evaluate the safety and short-term and midterm efficacy of Matrix coils. This analysis focused on anatomic midterm results.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred thirty-six patients harboring 244 ruptured or unruptured aneurysms treated via endovascular approach by using Matrix coils were included in this registry. Treatment was totally or partially performed by using Matrix coils. Anatomic results were evaluated on postoperative and last-follow-up digital subtraction angiography (DSA) by using the Raymond scale. “Recanalization” was defined as worsening, and “progressive thrombosis” was defined as improvement on the Raymond scale.
RESULTS: Anatomic midterm follow-up was obtained in 165 of 236 patients (70%) harboring 171 aneurysms (range, 6–27 months; mean, 14 ± 4 months). At midterm follow-up angiography, 79 aneurysms were completely occluded (46.2%), 43 had a neck remnant (25.1%), and 49 had an aneurysm remnant (28.7%). Of 171 aneurysms, recanalization was observed in 44 patients (25.7%), including major recanalization in 18 patients (10.5%). Recanalization was more frequent if the embolized volume of aneurysm was ≤25%. Progressive thrombosis was observed in 52 aneurysms (30%). No bleeding or rebleeding was observed during the period of follow-up.
CONCLUSION: The efficacy of Matrix coils in preventing recanalization was not demonstrated in our series. In agreement with previous studies using bare platinum coils, volumic occlusion was an important feature for the prediction of aneurysm recanalization. A high percentage of progressive thrombosis in incompletely treated aneurysms was observed in our series, suggesting a biologic activity of Matrix coils.
Endovascular treatment by using bare platinum coils is currently used in patients worldwide as an alternative to surgery to occlude ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms.1 The most significant limitation of the technique is aneurysm recanalization that may occur in 15%–30%2–5 and may potentially lead to aneurysm rebleeding. The modification of the surface of bare platinum coils was proposed in the late 1990s to accelerate the biologic response to coils and subsequently reduce the rate of recanalization.6–7
The first coated coil available for clinical use was covered with a bioactive copolymer consisting of polyglycolic/polylactic acid (PGLA).7 Several monocentric series have been recently published regarding the short- and midterm clinical and anatomic results of Matrix detachable coils (Boston Scientific, Natick, Mass) in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms.8–12 A small number of patients were included in most series (25–112 patients), and midterm clinical and anatomic results were not always available.
We recently published the immediate clinical and anatomic posttreatment results of a large prospective multicenter registry conducted in France in 2004.13 In this series, the overall morbidity and mortality rates of patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with Matrix detachable coils were within the ranges of previously published series using bare platinum coils. Similar results were reported by other teams.8–12
The potential influence of PGLA platinum coils on anatomic results in the time course after endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms remains debated. In a preliminary study, Kang et al8 found that the recanalization rate by the use of PGLA-coated coils was similar to that previously reported with the use of bare platinum coils. More recently, Niimi et al12 found a higher recanalization rate with Matrix coils, whereas Murayama et al,11 in the largest series published, to our knowledge, showed that anatomic results at midterm follow-up were better with Matrix coils compared with the Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC, Boston Scientific) system.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the midterm anatomic results in 165 patients harboring 171 intracranial aneurysms treated by Matrix coils and included in a prospective multicenter French registry.
Methods
Population, Protocol, and Immediate Results
A prospective and multicenter registry including 261 patients (163 women and 98 men; age range, 18–78 years; mean, 48.5 years) with ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated by Matrix coils was conducted in France between January and October 2004. Inclusion criteria were patients harboring ruptured or unruptured aneurysms <25 mm. Fusiform and dissecting aneurysms were excluded as well as aneurysms associated with brain arteriovenous malformations. Patients could be included as long as the first coil implanted for the treatment was a Matrix coil. Use of bare platinum coils was possible. Use of any other bioactive coil was considered a protocol violation. The goal of this registry was, first, to assess the safety and efficacy of PGLA-covered platinum coils and, second, to evaluate long-term anatomic results. Immediate posttreatment clinical and angiographic results in 236 patients (149 women and 87 men; age range, 21–78; mean age, 48.7 years) harboring 244 aneurysms have already been evaluated and published.13
Anatomic Follow-Up
Anatomic results were evaluated on digital subtraction angiography (DSA), including selective contrast injections and multiple projections. The degree of aneurysmal occlusion was defined by using the simplified 3-point classification scale: complete occlusion, neck remnant, and aneurysm remnant.5
For each patient, postembolization and follow-up angiograms were interpreted by 2 independent experienced neuroradiologists. In case of disagreement between the observers, a third neuroradiologist was involved. Postembolization and midterm follow-up angiograms were separately evaluated. No direct comparison of initial and midterm angiographic results was conducted.
“Recanalization” and “progressive occlusion” were defined as a change in the Raymond classification, comparing the rate of occlusion postembolization and on midterm follow-up. “Recanalization” was defined as a worsening of classification: minor recanalization, from complete occlusion to neck remnant or from neck remnant to aneurysm remnant; and major recanalization, from complete occlusion to aneurysm remnant. “Progressive occlusion” was defined as improvement of classification.
Recanalization and progressive occlusion were analyzed according to several anatomic and procedural features: size of the aneurysm, size of the neck, percentage of Matrix coils used (length of coils), and embolized volume of aneurysms.
According to Tamatani et al,14 embolized volume was calculated by using the following equation: volume of the embolized coil/volume of the aneurysm.
Bleeding or Rebleeding/Retreatment
Bleeding or rebleeding occurrence during the period of follow-up was evaluated. Retreatment of aneurysms during the period of follow-up was also recorded.
Data Analysis
Clinical and anatomic data were collected and entered via an electronic Website (www.kikamedical.com; Kika-Medical, Nancy, France).
Statistical analysis was independently conducted by Kika-Medical. According to the analysis regarding factors affecting anatomic results, the event was the recanalization, and the statistical unit was the aneurysm. The χ2 test was performed to evaluate the difference between the groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed by using the logistic regression analysis to define the independent contribution of each prognostic factor with a P value <.20 for the univariate analysis. Multivariate predictors were chosen by a stepwise procedure by using an entry criterion of 0.20 with a stay criterion of 0.10. Statistical significance was declared if the 2-sided P value was <.05. All statistical analyses were performed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences System for Windows (Version 11.5; SPSS, Chicago, Ill).
Results
Anatomic Results
Among the 236 patients (244 aneurysms) who were initially included in the registry, 14 were dead at 1 year, 14 were lost to follow-up, and 4 refused any follow-up. Finally, 204 patients had a clinical follow-up. In 6 patients, no angiographic follow-up was performed at 1 year due to patient's age in most cases. In 33 patients, angiograms were provided by the investigating center but were deemed insufficient by the reviewing neuroradiologists to evaluate precisely the rate of occlusion of aneurysms. These patients were, therefore, excluded from analysis.
Finally, among the 236 patients (244 aneurysms) who were initially included in the registry, 165 (171 aneurysms) had midterm anatomic follow-up by DSA 6–27 months after treatment (mean, 14 ± 6 months). In this group, clinical presentation was subarachnoid hemorrhage in 95 patients (57.6%). In 70 patients (42.4%), aneurysms were unruptured. Localizations were carotid siphon in 81 cases (47.4%), anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and anterior communicating artery (AcomA) in 50 cases (29.2%), middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 26 cases (15.2%), and posterior circulation in 14 cases (8.2%). Aneurysmal size was ≤10 mm in 143 cases (83.6%) and >10 mm in 28 cases (16.4%). The size of the neck was ≤4 mm in 141 cases (82.5%) and >4 mm in 30 cases (17.5%). Dome-to-neck ratio was ≤1.5 in 61 aneurysms (35.7%) and >1.5% in 110 aneurysms (64.3%). An adjunctive technique was used in 50 cases (29.2%); a remodelling technique, in 44 cases (25.7%); and stent placement, in 6 cases (3.5%). The percentage of Matrix coils used for the treatment (according to the length of coils) was 100% in 101 cases (59.1%), 71%–99% in 19 cases (11.1%), and <70% in 51 cases (29.8%). After treatment, embolized volume of aneurysm was ≤25% in 78 cases (45.6%) and >25% in 93 cases (54.4%).
Anatomic evaluation at immediate postoperative phase and at midterm follow-up is reported in Table 1.
Anatomic evolution of aneurysms according to the Raymond classification
Recanalization and progressive occlusion are reported in Table 2. Aneurysm recanalization was observed in 44 aneurysms (25.7%). Progressive occlusion was observed in 52 aneurysms (30.4%).
Recanalization and progressive occlusion in ruptured and unruptured groups
The rate of recanalization and progressive occlusion was analyzed according to anatomic and procedural features. Recanalization rates were not significantly different according to aneurysm location: 23.4% for carotid siphon aneurysms, 30% for ACA and AcomA aneurysms, 23.1% in the MCA group, and 28.6% in the posterior circulation group. Recanalization was significantly higher (P =.001) in aneurysms >10 mm (14 cases, 50%) than in aneurysms ≤10 mm (30 cases, 21%). Recanalization was observed in 33 cases (24%) in which the neck was ≤4 mm and in 11 cases (36%) in which the neck was 4 mm (not significant). Recanalization was observed in 16 cases (26.2%) in which the dome-to-neck ratio was ≤1.5 and in 28 cases (25.5%) in which the dome-to-neck ratio was >1.5 (not significant). Recanalization was observed in 17 cases (34%) in which >70% of Matrix coils (length of coils) were used and in 27 cases (23%) when <70% of Matrix coils were used (not significant). Recanalization was observed in 26 cases (33%) if the embolized volume of aneurysm was ≤25% and in 18 cases (19%) if the embolized volume was >25% (P =.037).
No factor was significantly associated with progressive thrombosis.
Bleeding/Rebleeding
In the group of 204 patients having a 1-year clinical follow-up, no bleeding or rebleeding was observed.
Retreatment
In the period of follow-up, retreatment was performed in 13 of 171 aneurysms (7.6%). Retreatment was performed ≤1 year after the initial treatment in 8 patients and >1 year after treatment in 5 patients.
Discussion
Matrix detachable coils must be critically evaluated because they have been designed to improve the quality of long-term aneurysmal occlusion. Findings in previous series are contradictory.8–12 Two points are very important: Is the safety profile of Matrix coils similar to that if GDC coils? Are the midterm and long-term anatomic results improved by the use of Matrix detachable coils?
Safety of the Matrix Detachable Coils
According to the series dealing with the short-term results of the endovascular treatment (EVT) of intracranial aneurysms with Matrix coils, the safety profile of this device is satisfactory.8–13 According to our analysis of the largest cohort of patients treated with Matrix coils, the treatment-related mortality rates with Matrix coils were 0.8% and permanent morbidity, 2.5%. Similar results were reported by Niimi et al,12 with procedural morbidity and mortality rates, respectively, 1.4% and 1.4%. These results are not different from those reported in the largest series dealing with the EVT with bare platinum coils. In these series, the procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates were between 1.5% and 4%.13
Midterm Anatomic Results of EVT with Matrix Coils
The definition of recanalization remains a controversial subject. In the first series dealing with midterm or long-term follow-up of intracranial aneurysms treated by EVT with GDC, percentages of recanalization were reported but the authors did not provide any definition of aneurysm recanalization. The progressive understanding that the stability of the occlusion of intracranial aneurysms after EVT is a key point has led to the development of new devices and to a more and more precise analysis of recanalization. In our series, we have defined a recanalization as a worsening of anatomic results according to the Raymond classification. This way of evaluating recanalization has some advantages and disadvantages. Postoperative and midterm angiographies can be separately and independently analyzed without comparison between angiograms. Moreover, in large series of patients, this method is relatively simple to use, especially if an independent core laboratory is dedicated for image interpretation However, this method includes limitations. As outlined by Niimi et al,12 aneurysm recanalization may occur without a change in the Raymond classification and especially for aneurysm remnants. For this reason, other definitions of recanalization have been used in the literature. Any increase in contrast filling on follow-up angiograms by using multiple views was considered by Byrne et al2 and Niimi et al12 as a recanalization. For the University of California, Los Angeles group, recanalization was defined as an increase in contrast filling of the aneurysm of >10%,4 whereas the anatomic result was judged as unchanged in case of contrast filling <10%. The main drawback of this method is performing an accurate evaluation of contrast filling.
Our midterm results are difficult to compare with those of previous series reporting midterm anatomic results after EVT with bare platinum coils2–5 due to population and methodology heterogeneity, but the overall recanalization rate reported in our series is in the same range.
Few results have been published regarding the midterm anatomic results after EVT with Matrix coils. In the series of Linfante et al,9 only 11 patients had 12-month follow-up, and no recanalization was observed. In the series of Niimi et al,12 follow-up angiographic results were obtained in 47 aneurysms treated with Matrix coils, and the overall recanalization rate was 57.4%. For aneurysms treated with >50% Matrix, the recanalization rate was 54.2%. Recanalization of large aneurysms treated with >50% Matrix was very high (81.8%).
In the largest published series,11 follow-up angiograms after a mean of 8 months' treatment showed a stability of aneurysm occlusion in 51.7% of patients, a progressive thrombosis in 28.7%, and a recanalization in 19.5%. No recanalization was observed in cases of aneurysms completely occluded with Matrix coils at immediate postoperative control. A neck remnant was observed in 15%, and a residual aneurysm, in 38%.
Our series deals with the largest number of aneurysms with midterm follow-up angiograms obtained at a mean of 14 months after treatment. Overall recanalization was reported in 25.7% of patients. In 10.5% of patients, aneurysm recanalization was classified as major, and in 15.2%, as minor. Our results are close to those reported by Niimi et al.12 In their series, according to our definition of recanalization, 27.7% of aneurysms treated with Matrix coils showed worsening of classification. Progressive occlusion was observed in a high percentage of cases (30.5%) in agreement with the series of Murayama et al.11
Factors Affecting Recanalization of Aneurysms Treated with Matrix Coils
Anatomic and procedural features were statistically analyzed to depict the most important factors affecting recanalization. Recanalization rates were not statistically different in ruptured and unruptured groups (respectively, 27% and 24%). The recanalization rate was significantly higher in large aneurysms (50% versus 21% in the small aneurysm group). There was a trend toward a higher recanalization rate in case of an aneurysmal neck 4 mm in diameter (36% versus 24% in aneurysms with a small neck), but this was not statistically significant. A similar nonsignificant result was obtained according to dome-to-neck ratio: Aneurysm recanalization was observed in 26.2% in which the dome-to-neck ratio was ≤1.5 and in 25.5% if it was >1.5.
Apart from the size of the aneurysm, the most significant factor affecting the rate of recanalization was the percentage of initial volumic occlusion of the aneurysm. Recanalization rates were respectively 33% and 19% in case of initial volumic occlusion ≤25% and >25%, respectively. These findings are in agreement with previous studies showing a significant correlation between embolized volume and stability of aneurysm occlusion treated with bare platinum coils.14
As previously suggested by Niimi et al,12 this point is certainly important for the evaluation of midterm anatomic results with Matrix coils. Due to the friction of Matrix coils, the initial volumic occlusion of aneurysms treated with them is probably lower than that observed with bare platinum coils as demonstrated in a rabbit-elastase model15 dealing with angiographic and histologic analyses. In this study, the volumic occlusion was 31% with bare platinum coils and 23% with Matrix coils, and despite the enhanced tissue response achieved with Matrix coils, the angiographic outcome was not improved by the use of the Matrix device compared with bare platinum coils. The absorbable nature of the bioactive coating of the Matrix coil (70% by volume) may potentially contribute, in the time course after treatment, to decreasing the volumic occlusion. Thus, we have to keep in mind that packing attenuation remains the main factor for midterm and long-term anatomic results of aneurysms treated with coils and that the mechanical quality of Matrix coils remains the key point to decreasing the recanalization rate. The most recent version of the Matrix coil is theoretically associated with less friction and will probably improve mid- and long-term anatomic results.
Bleeding/Rebleeding
No bleeding or rebleeding was observed in our series during the period of follow-up, but some patients were lost for follow-up. Moreover, our group was heterogeneous, including ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. In previous series, rehemorrhage was observed in 1 of 62 patients12 and in 1 of 103 patients.11 Overall the rate of rebleeding was between 0% and 1.6%.
Retreatment
Thirteen aneurysms (7.6%) were retreated during the period of follow-up. This is quite different from the retreatment rate (21.3%) reported by Niimi et al12 but very close to the retreatment rate reported in previous reports using bare platinum coils.2,3,5,16 However, the retreatment rate is not a parameter that may be used to evaluate the midterm and long-term anatomic results because indications of retreatment are not clearly established and may differ according to the teams. Moreover, in our series, some patients were lost to follow-up, creating another bias.
Conclusion
The safety of endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms using Matrix coils was previously demonstrated in short-term results.13 The efficacy of Matrix coils to prevent aneurysm recanalization was not demonstrated in the present study because the rates of recanalization and retreatment were similar to those previously reported with bare platinum coils. However, our results demonstrated that volumic occlusion was the most important feature for the prediction of aneurysm recanalization, in agreement with previous studies using bare platinum coils. Recent improvement of the Matrix coil has lead to a decrease of the friction of the device, which will probably be associated with an increase of packing attenuation that may potentially improve long-term anatomic results. Most interesting, a high percentage of progressive thrombosis in incompletely treated aneurysms was observed in our series, suggesting a biologic activity of Matrix coils.
Appendix
Participating Centers and Investigators:
CHU Larrey, Angers, France; Anne Pasco
CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France; Xavier Barreau, Jérôme Berge
CHU de la Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Patrick Courthéoux
CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont Ferrand, France; Emman uel Chabert, Jean Gabrillargues
CHU Roger Salengro, Lille, France; Xavier Leclerc
CHU Neurologique, Lyon, France; Francis Turjman
CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France; Alain Bonafé
CHU Hôpital Neurologique, Nancy, France; Serge Bracard
CHU G et R. Laënnec, Nantes, France; Hubert Desal
CHU Saint-Roch, Nice, France; Mustapha Dib, Jacques Sedat
CHU La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Alessandra Biondi, Nader Sourour
CHU Lariboisière, Paris, France; Emmanuel Houdart
CHU de la Milétrie, Poitiers, France; Jacques Drouineau
CHU Maison Blanche, Reims, France; Laurent Pierot
CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France; Christophe Cognard
CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Denis Herbreteau
Footnotes
This registry was financially supported by Boston Scientific France. L. Pierot is consultant to Boston Scientific France.
References
- Received February 5, 2007.
- Accepted after revision May 31, 2007.
- Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology
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