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Research ArticleHEAD & NECK

Evaluation of 4 Multisection CT Systems in Postoperative Imaging of a Cochlear Implant: A Human Cadaver and Phantom Study

B.M. Verbist, R.M.S. Joemai, W.M. Teeuwisse, W.J.H. Veldkamp, J. Geleijns and J.H.M. Frijns
American Journal of Neuroradiology August 2008, 29 (7) 1382-1388; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1108
B.M. Verbist
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R.M.S. Joemai
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W.M. Teeuwisse
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W.J.H. Veldkamp
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J. Geleijns
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J.H.M. Frijns
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  • Fig 1.
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    Fig 1.

    Scoring of the visibility of electrode contacts and anatomic structures: on a MPR perpendicular to the modiolus of an MSCT image of the implanted human cadaver temporal bone, the cochlea is divided in 4 quadrants (white crosslines). The quadrants are numbered counterclockwise, and the round window niche is located in the first quadrant (I-IV). A quantitative score from 0 to 2 was given to each electrode contact according to its visibility. Cochlear structures, such as the inner and outer wall, were scored per quadrant. The kinking of the electrode is localized in the third quadrant (arrow). b indicates basal turn of the cochlea at the level of the round window; v, vestibule, *horizontal semicircular canal (SCC); **superior SCC.

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    Fig 2.

    Photograph (A) and 1 high-resolution optical image (B) of the PMMA phantom containing a cochlear implant.

  • Fig 3.
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    Fig 3.

    MSCT of the PMMA phantom: 16 electrode contacts are numbered from the tip to the base: electrode numbers 1, 5, 10, and 15 are indicated.

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    Fig 4.

    MPR CT images of the human cadaver temporal bone along the plane of the electrode array on Aquilion-64 (A), Brilliance 64 (B), LightSpeed-64 (C) (also seen in Fig 1), and Sensation-64 (D). The upper set of images is displayed with W/L 3000/800 and shows cochlear anatomic structures, such as the semicircular canals, well in all of the scanners. The lower set of images shows the chosen manually adjusted window/level setting for visualization of the electrode contacts. This illustrates that a wide range of HUs is essential for visualization of the CI.

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    Fig 5.

    Graphic presentation of the mean differences over 4 observers (y-axis) between electrode position as manually indicated and the position in the computer model (in millimeters). Values are shown per electrode contact (x-axis) for each scanner (Aquilion-64, yellow; Brilliance-64, blue; LightSpeed-64, red; Sensation-64, green). See also Table 3.

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    Fig 6.

    Clinical implications of the PSF: the dotted curves depict the pixel value of a single electrode contact through the center. Summation of these curves renders a curve (black line). When the distance between 2 electrodes is larger than FWHM, the resulting curve still shows 2 maximum values, and the electrode contacts can be separated in the image (A). If the distance between 2 electrode contacts is smaller than FWHM, the resulting curve shows a single peak; the electrode contact cannot be visualized separately (B).

Tables

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    Table 1:

    Acquisition and reconstruction protocols and effective radiation dose for cochlear implant imaging on 64-section scanners

    VariableAquilion 64Brilliance 64LightSpeed 64Sensation 64
    Acquisition protocol
        Tube voltage, kV120140140120
        Tube current, mA200200335135
        Beam collimation, mm4 × 0.52 × 0.5532 × 0.62512 × 0.6
        Pitch0.750.50.5310.45
        Rotation time, s0.50.50.61.0
        Scan FOV240500320500
    Dose of acquisition protocol
        Effective dose, mSv1.42.01.81.3
    Reconstruction protocol
        Section thickness, mm0.50.550.60.6
        Section interval, mm0.30.30.30.3
        KernelFC84Filter DBonePlusU90u
        Reconstruction matrix5122768251225122
        Recon FOV PMMA phantom, mm100
        Recon FOV PSF phantom, mm50
        Recon FOV cadaver head, mm80
    • Note:—FOV indicates field of view; PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate; PSF, point spread function.

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    Table 2:

    Results of the human temporal bone study

    Scoring ParametersScoring MethodAquilion 64Brilliance 64LightSpeed 64Sensation 64
    Overall impressionVAS7.8 (1.0)3.2 (1.0)3.0 (1.1)7.9 (0.7)
    Axial oblique MPR, distinction of electrode contactsQuantitative score23.2 (2.7)12.6 (4.4)8.0 (3.9)24.2 (4.8)
    Coronal oblique MPR, distinction of electrode contactsQuantitative score23.7 (3.6)14.2 (3.7)10.2 (3.3)25.6 (3.3)
    KinkingVAS6.1 (2.1)1.7 (1.5)1.3 (1.2)6.8 (2.0)
    Inner cochlear wall 4 quadrantsVAS6.9 (1.3)4.9 (1.5)4.1 (2.0)6.2 (1.1)
    6.6 (1.1)4.7 (1.3)4.3 (1.7)5.7 (1.4)
    6.2 (1.2)3.9 (1.5)3.9 (1.1)5.3 (1.5)
    6.4 (1.4)3.6 (1.7)3.9 (1.4)5.5 (1.9)
    Outer cochlear walls 4 quadrantsVAS7.7 (1.1)6.8 (1.4)5.5 (1.7)7.4 (0.9)
    7.6 (1.2)6.8 (1.1)5.5 (1.5)7.4 (1.0)
    7.1 (1.4)5.2 (1.7)4.6 (1.6)6.8 (1.8)
    6.6 (1.9)4.8 (1.8)4.1 (1.8)6.4 (1.9)
    • Note:—VAS indicates visual analogue scale; MPR, multiplanar reconstruction.

    • View popup
    Table 3:

    Results of PMMA phantom measurements

    Electrode ContactAquilion 64Brilliance 64LightSpeed 64Sensation 64
    10.07 (0.02)0.11 (0.02)0.07 (0.02)0.03 (0.01)
    20.05 (0.02)0.12 (0.01)0.09 (0.03)0.05 (0.02)
    30.09 (0.01)0.13 (0.00)0.09 (0.03)0.06 (0.01)
    40.10 (0.02)0.09 (0.02)0.14 (0.02)0.08 (0.02)
    50.12 (0.02)0.07 (0.01)0.10 (0.04)0.09 (0.02)
    60.11 (0.02)0.09 (0.03)0.12 (0.01)0.09 (0.01)
    70.11 (0.03)0.09 (0.05)0.13 (0.02)0.10 (0.01)
    80.14 (0.03)0.07 (0.02)0.20 (0.04)0.13 (0.02)
    90.13 (0.03)0.08 (0.01)0.18 (0.03)0.13 (0.02)
    100.14 (0.02)0.10 (0.01)0.16 (0.03)0.12 (0.01)
    110.08 (0.01)0.10 (0.03)0.12 (0.02)0.08 (0.01)
    120.11 (0.01)0.13 (0.07)0.15 (0.02)0.10 (0.00)
    130.10 (0.02)0.15 (0.05)0.25 (0.10)0.09 (0.01)
    140.10 (0.01)0.10 (0.02)0.24 (0.11)0.11 (0.00)
    150.11 (0.01)0.12 (0.05)0.31 (0.15)0.10 (0.01)
    160.11 (0.00)0.16 (0.12)0.61 (0.35)0.12 (0.01)
    • Note:—PMMA indicates polymethylmethacrylate.

    • View popup
    Table 4:

    Results of PSF measurements

    VariableFWHM, in mm
    Aquilion 64Brilliance 64LightSpeed 64Sensation 64
    In-plane0.680.520.680.48
    Longitudinal0.810.840.980.70
    Ratio in-plane/longitudinal0.840.620.690.69
    • Note:—PSF indicates point spread function; FWHM, full width half maximum.

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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 29 (7)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
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August 2008
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Evaluation of 4 Multisection CT Systems in Postoperative Imaging of a Cochlear Implant: A Human Cadaver and Phantom Study
B.M. Verbist, R.M.S. Joemai, W.M. Teeuwisse, W.J.H. Veldkamp, J. Geleijns, J.H.M. Frijns
American Journal of Neuroradiology Aug 2008, 29 (7) 1382-1388; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A1108

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Evaluation of 4 Multisection CT Systems in Postoperative Imaging of a Cochlear Implant: A Human Cadaver and Phantom Study
B.M. Verbist, R.M.S. Joemai, W.M. Teeuwisse, W.J.H. Veldkamp, J. Geleijns, J.H.M. Frijns
American Journal of Neuroradiology Aug 2008, 29 (7) 1382-1388; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A1108
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