Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It has been demonstrated that the increase in CAWT is associated with an increased risk of stroke and its severity. The aim of this study was to determine whether CAWT evaluated by MDCTA is associated with the following cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and smoking.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study. One hundred sixty-eight patients (120 men; mean age, 68.96 years ± 11.2 years SD) were analyzed by using a multidetector row CT scanner. In each patient, CAWT was measured by using an internal digital caliper. Continuous data were described as the mean value ± SD and were compared by using the Student t test. We performed simple logistic regressions to evaluate the association between CAWT and the following: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and smoking. A P value < .05 indicated statistical significance.
RESULTS: The distal common CAWT varied from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. We observed that hypertension and diabetes mellitus were associated with increased (>1 mm) CAWT (P = .0041 and P = .0172, respectively). There was no significant association between increased CAWT and dyslipidemia or smoking.
CONCLUSIONS: In our selected group, the results of this work show that an increased CAWT is associated with the cardiovascular risk determinants hypertension and diabetes. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether it is possible to apply our observations to the general population.
Abbreviations
- Az
- area under each ROC curve
- CAWT
- carotid artery wall thickness
- CCA-IMT
- common carotid artery intima-media thickness
- CI
- confidence interval
- CTA
- CT angiography
- IMT
- intima-media thickness
- +LR
- XXX
- −LR
- XXX
- MDCTA
- multidetector row CTA
- NC
- not calculable
- ROC
- receiver operating characteristic analysis
- Std.
- standard
- TIA
- transient ischemic attack
Each year in the United States, 795,000 people experience a new or recurrent ischemic stroke, and this pathology accounted for 1 in every 17 deaths in 20051; it is expected that the burden will greatly increase during the next 20 years.2 Therefore, stroke represents a severe health problem, and identification of its risk factors is extremely important.3,4
It has been demonstrated that an increased CCA-IMT measured by B-mode sonography is associated with an increased risk of stroke and its severity.5–9 With the development of CTA and, in particular, with the introduction of even more sophisticated software, MDCTA has become a valid method for studying the carotid artery and its pathology10–14; it was recently proposed15 that CAWT is the MDCTA equivalent of B-mode sonography CCA-IMT.
Currently, CTA is widely used to study the carotid arteries because of its potential for plaque assessment and its precision in carotid artery stenosis degree quantification.12–14 It was previously demonstrated15 that the presence of CAWT of >1 mm is significantly associated with cerebral symptoms, and these data, together with the analysis of stenosis degree, type of plaque, and presence of ulceration, may lead to obtaining a better stroke-risk stratification for the patient.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether CAWT evaluated by using MDCTA is associated with the following cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and smoking.
Materials and Methods
Patient Population
An MDCTA dataset of 191 consecutive patients (131 men, 60 women; median age, 70 years; age range, 39–85 years) was retrospectively analyzed. Each patient gave written informed consent. Each MDCTA examination was performed when it was clinically indicated and was ordered by the patient's physician as part of routine clinical care, as described previously.10,15,16
In our institution, the inclusion criteria for performing MDCTA are as follows: a prior clinical indication for CTA of the supra-aortic vessels (when possible also confirmed by US-ECD study15) as stated by the referring physician and established by the attending radiologist. In particular, the main reason for referral to MDCTA is the presence of a sonogram showing a pathologic stenosis and/or a plaque alteration, or when sonography cannot provide sufficient information about the degree of stenosis—for example, in the presence of large calcified plaques with acoustic shadowing, high carotid bifurcation, or a thick neck (edema, obese patients). “Plaque alteration” was the presence of a heterogeneous plaque, an irregular surface, intraplaque hemorrhage, and/or the presence of ulceration in the plaque. We defined “symptomatic” as a patient who had a TIA or stroke. We considered “TIA” as a brief (<24 hours) episode of neurologic dysfunction, such as dysarthria, dysphasia, hemiparesis, hemiparesthesia, or monocular blindness. If the episode of neurologic dysfunction exceeded 24 hours, it was classified as a “stroke.” We defined “asymptomatic” as descriptive of a patient who had no history of symptoms, either remote or present, at the time of the examination.
In our department, we studied the carotid arteries of asymptomatic patients with diabetes older than 50 years of age and of patients who were undergoing cardiac interventions for coronary artery disease, aortic interventions, and lower leg artery surgery.
Exclusion criteria for the study consisted of contraindications to iodinated contrast media, such as a known allergy to iodinated contrast material, or elevated renal function test results.
This retrospective review evaluated existing clinical data and records. No additional procedures were performed. The review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the research committee of our institution. Part of our patient cohort had been included in previous studies.15,17–19
Vascular risk factors that are known before a stroke or TIA, coexisting comorbidities, and treatment before a stroke or TIA are systematically recorded at our institution. “Essential hypertension” was defined in those individuals who had systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg or who were being treated with blood pressure−lowering drugs. “Diabetes” was indicated by abnormal fasting plasma glucose levels (>7.9 mmol/L) or the current use of insulin or an oral hypoglycemic agent. The use of insulin or oral diabetes medication was also considered diagnostic for diabetes. “Dyslipidemia” was defined as abnormal fasting plasma cholesterol (low-attenuation lipoprotein cholesterol) levels (fasting cholesterol, >5.0 mmol/L) or the current use of lipid-lowering agents. Cigarette smoking status was categorized as never, former (24 months), or current.
MDCTA Technique
We use a standardized technique as previously described.15,17–19 All patients underwent MDCTA of the supra-aortic vessels by using a 4-multidetector-row CT system (Mx8000, Philips Healthcare [formerly Picker International], Andover, Massachusetts). Written consent to perform MDCTA was obtained after discussion of the risks associated with contrast-enhanced MDCTA and the potential benefits derived from this examination. Patients were placed in the supine position, with the head tilted back to prevent dental artifacts on the images. Patients were also instructed not to breathe and not to swallow. One hundred ten milliliters of a contrast medium (iopromide, Ultravist 370; Schering, Berlin, Germany) was injected into an antecubital vein, by using a power injector at a flow rate of 5–6 mL/s and an 18-ga intravenous catheter. CT technical parameters were as follows: matrix, 512 × 512; FOV, 11–19 cm; mAs, 180–220; kV, 120–140. Images were reconstructed with a section thickness of 0.6 mm. Angiographic acquisition included the circle of Willis; the lower landmark was the aortic arch. None of the patients included in the study had a medical history of cardiac output failure; any contraindications to iodinated contrast media, such as a known allergy; or elevated renal function test results.
Evaluation of Carotid Image Quality and Artifacts
In this study, evaluation of image quality and artifacts was performed by 2 radiologists with 5 and 10 years of experience in MDCTA angiography of the carotid arteries. The readers were blinded to the patient's symptoms. They were asked to evaluate the overall image quality on a 5-point scale. On this scale, 5 corresponded to excellent image quality; 4, to good image quality; 3, to adequate image quality; 2, to marginally acceptable image quality; and 1, to unacceptable image quality. Values 1 and 2 included those cases in which the carotid artery wall did not show a well-defined cleavage plane, with nearby structures such that it was not possible to clearly observe the hypoattenuated adipose tissue that allows the end of the carotid wall to be defined.
The readers were also asked to assess the impact of image artifacts on a 5-point scale. On this scale, 5 corresponded to the complete absence of imaging artifacts; 4, to mild artifacts not interfering with diagnostic decision making; 3, to moderate artifacts slightly interfering with diagnostic decision making; 2, to pronounced artifacts interfering with diagnostic decision making (though it was still possible to arrive at a diagnosis), and 1, to a situation in which artifacts completely hindered diagnostic decision making. Patients with image quality 1 and 2 and with image artifacts 1 and 2 were excluded from this study.
Evaluation of CAWT
For the MDCTA examination, both right and left carotid arteries were measured. CTA source axial images were considered. Two radiologists independently evaluated CAWT, blinded to each other's results. Window level, window width, and magnification were freely modifiable The CAWT was measured at the thickest point of the common carotid artery wall where there was no evidence of a plaque (Fig 1). This point was selected because if the wall is measured close to a stenosis, then it should be thicker. Three measurements for each carotid artery were performed, and the individual subject's mean CAWT values were then obtained as an average of values for each carotid artery. We measured the CAWT between the leading edge of the opacified vessel lumen and the external visible limit of the arterial wall, where it was surrounded by adjacent adipose tissue. Measurements between the 2 observers were averaged; in fact, in a previous study15 we observed, by using this technique, a concordance correlation coefficient that was extremely high (ρ = 0.923).
A, MDCTA axial image of a 64-year-old man. B, 3× magnification. White arrow in A and B indicates the CAWT (1.42 mm).
For analysis of data in symptomatic patients, we considered only the measurements in the carotid artery concordant with the symptoms (though both right and left carotid arteries were measured), and in the asymptomatic patients, we considered the highest CAWT value of the right and left carotid arteries.
Statistical Analysis
The normality of each continuous variable group was tested by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z-test. Comparison of mean CAWT values in patients with and without stroke was performed by using a Student t test because the normality of the variable was accepted in both groups. We performed logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between CAWT and the independent variables hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. To consider CAWT a dichotomous variable, as required in logistic regression analysis, we considered increased CAWT values to be those >1 mm and normal CAWT values to be those <1 mm, because a risk of stroke was demonstrated by Saba et al15 for CAWT values >1 mm. ROC curve analysis was also performed and the Az was determined for hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking, but in this case considering the CAWT as a continuous variable. A P value < .05 indicated statistical significance. R software (www.r-project.org) was used for statistical analyses.
Results
Patient Population
Among the 191 patients available, 8 were excluded because of an image quality rating ≤2 (we observed inadequate contrast opacification in 3 patients and an inadequate tube current that produced suboptimal images in 5). We excluded another 7 patients because of the presence of an image artifacts rating of ≤2 (we observed swallowing artifacts in 3 patients, respiration artifacts in 3, and artifacts deriving from large calcifications in 1). Moreover, patients who had intracranial masses (n = 2), cardiac thrombus (n = 3), stenosis from nonatherosclerotic causes such as radiation (n = 2), and fibromuscular dysplasia (n = 1) were also excluded.
The clinical characteristics of the remaining 168 patients are given in Table 1. We observed 66 patients with ischemic symptoms (24 strokes, 33 TIAs, 9 cases of amaurosis fugax) and 102 without ischemic symptoms.
Clinical characteristics of the study population
Analysis of CAWT
The distal common CAWT ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. In the patient group without cerebrovascular symptoms, the average CAWT was 0.85 ± 0.22 mm, and in the patient group with cerebrovascular symptoms, it was 1.074 ± 0.24 mm. The normality of the variability was accepted in both groups (in the patient group with symptoms, the P value of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z-test was .228; in the patient group without symptoms, the P value of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z-test was 0.22). The CAWT in patients without symptoms differed significantly (P < .001) from that in patients with symptoms.
Logistic Regression Analysis
The results of the logistic regression analysis are described in Table 2. In simple logistic regression, the dependent variable was the increased CAWT (>1 mm), and a statistically significant positive association between increased CAWT and hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular symptoms was observed with P values of .0041, 0.0172, and 0.001, respectively. Other variables did not demonstrate a significant statistical association with the presence of increased CAWT.
Logistic regression analysis
ROC Curve Analysis
The ROC curve analysis for hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dyslipidemia versus CAWT is shown in Figs 2–⇓⇓5. The Az of hypertension was 0.627 ± 0.044; 95% CI, 0.549–0.700; P value = .0037. The Az of diabetes was 0.651 ± 0.056; 95% CI, 0.573–0.722; P value = .007. The Az of dyslipidemia was 0.504 ± 0.046; 95% CI, 0.426–0.582; P value = .9327. The Az of smoking was 0.508 ± 0.045; 95% CI, 0.43–0.586; P value = .8599. On the basis of the ROC analysis, we tabulated the sensitivity, specificity, +LR, and −LR values of each measure. A summary of these values is given in Tables 3–⇓⇓6 for hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking, respectively.
ROC curve analysis for hypertension.
ROC curve analysis for diabetes.
ROC curve analysis for dyslipidemia.
ROC curve analysis for tobacco.
ROC curve analysis for CAWT and hypertension
ROC curve analysis for CAWT and diabetes
ROC curve analysis for CAWT and dyslipidemia
ROC curve analysis for CAWT and smoking
Discussion
The purpose of this article was to determine whether CAWT, evaluated by using MDCTA, is associated with the following cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and smoking.
The results of the logistic regression analysis indicate that there is a statistically significant positive association between increased CAWT and cerebrovascular symptoms with a P value < .001. The data confirm a previous study by Saba et al,15 in which similar results were found. Moreover, a statistically significant positive association between increased CAWT and hypertension and diabetes was observed with a P value of .0041 and .0172, respectively. Johnsen and Mathiesen20 recently observed that the CCA-IMT, measured by using B-mode sonography, is strongly related to hypertension and ischemic stroke. Other authors have used a multiple logistic regression analysis to show an independent association of hypertension and diabetes with complex plaques, which also had a greater IMT,9 demonstrating a link between hypertension, diabetes, and a greater IMT that may reflect the instability of the atherosclerotic process.
It was recently demonstrated that CAWT and IMT show consistent results16 (with the Bland-Altman statistic, the discrepancy was 0.023 mm), supporting the observation by Gamble et al21 that sonographic IMT measurements best correspond with histologically ascertained total artery wall thickness (ie, including the tunica adventia), rather than with the intima plus media complex per se. On the basis of these data, the authors considered the 2 methods to be interchangeable.
Although it seems clear that IMT is strongly associated with atherosclerosis,9 not all thickening of the artery wall is due to atherosclerosis. In general, wall thickening may take place in the intimal layer or in the medial (muscular) layer, whereas the adventitial layer is not affected.22 Because the carotid artery is an elastic artery, the muscular media is relatively small. Hence, thickening of the carotid arterial wall is due, essentially, to intimal thickening.22 Several authors have demonstrated that with advancing age and the development of atherosclerosis, the intimal and the medial layers change in different directions; in fact, the intima becomes thicker and the media becomes thinner.23,24
The association we observed between increased CAWT and hypertension (P = .0041) may be due to a variety of factors, not necessarily related to atherosclerosis. In fact higher blood pressure and consequent changes in shear stress may cause the transportation of potentially atherogenic particles,25 which allows the penetration of particles into the arterial wall and consequent plaque formation. However, there may also be nonatherosclerotic compensatory reactions to hypertension like intimal hyperplasia and intimal fibrocellular hypertrophy, which also involve thickening of the arterial wall.25
In our study, smoking and dyslipidemia were not significantly associated with an increased CAWT. These results were unexpected because they differ from previous publications that have demonstrated an association between active smoking and increased IMT26,27 and between dyslipidemia and increased IMT.28,29 It has been demonstrated that exposure to cigarette smoke is associated with progression of atherosclerosis and that smoking is a powerful risk factor for stroke.30 However, the relationship between IMT and smoking is still debated; in fact, some authors have found no association between IMT increase and tobacco smoking.31,32 Recently, Fan et al33 analyzed the association of smoking status with different echogenic components of the carotid arterial wall and provided evidence that the echolucent layer (most likely corresponding to the medial layer), which is a major component of IMT, may not necessarily thicken during the smoking-related atherosclerotic process. A key role may be played by the vasoconstriction that occurs as a response to the toxic effects of smoking and that may alter wall geometry. The absence of association between CAWT and dyslipidemia was observed by another previous cross-sectional study of 5661 Japanese subjects, in which dyslipidemia was not found to be an independent risk factor for carotid IMT after adjusting for age and other cardiovascular risk factors.34
The ROC curve analysis for hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dyslipidemia versus CAWT is shown in Figs 2–⇑⇑5 and Tables 3–⇑⇑6. In the ROC analysis, the classification accuracy is quantified by using the area under the curve Az. The Az of hypertension was 0.627 ± 0.044; 95% CI, 0.549–0.700; P value = .0037, whereas the Az of diabetes was 0.651 ± 0.056; 95% CI, 0.573–0.722; P value = .007. These values indicate that patients with hypertension and diabetes have a high probability of having an increased CAWT, whereas this is not the case in those with dyslipidemia or in smokers. Moreover, analysis of the ROC curve for hypertension and diabetes allows a specific threshold of sensitivity to and specificity for having diabetes or hypertension to be identified. In our opinion, this is an interesting point because the presence of IMT or, as in this case the presence of CAWT (which can be considered the MDCTA equivalent of IMT15,16), is currently widely used as a surrogate measure of cardiovascular disease. The association between CAWT, diabetes, and hypertension may be useful to improve classification of stroke risk.
The value of our results is identifying another parameter that can be adequately analyzed by using MDCTA. We think that MDCTA examination of the carotids should not be performed only to quantify CAWT, but when MDCTA is clinically indicated (according to the guidelines accepted in each institution), CAWT should be always quantified. In fact, as previously demonstrated by Saba et al,15 the presence of CAWT >1 mm is significantly associated with cerebral symptoms, and these data, together with the analysis of stenosis degree, type of plaque, and presence of ulceration, allow us to obtain a better stroke risk stratification for the patient.
Our study has some limitations. First, this is a retrospective analysis. Furthermore, to this point, we used the same techniques, hardware, operators, and data standardization, so the variability in the retrospective analysis should have been reduced. Second, a significant percentage of the patient population studied had symptomatic cerebral vascular diseases (39.2%). The prevalence of the diseased population in this study was high, so data should also be obtained from a population with a lower disease prevalence. Third, our asymptomatic patients had diabetes and were older than 50 years of age or were patients undergoing cardiac interventions for coronary artery disease, aortic interventions, and lower leg artery surgery. These characteristics represent a bias in the patient selection; therefore, it is not possible to generalize our results to subjects outside this category.
Conclusions
In our selected group, the results of this work showed that an increased CAWT is associated with the cardiovascular risk determinants hypertension and diabetes. These data should be considered in risk stratification and the follow-up of these patients. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether it is possible to apply our observations to the general population.
Acknowledgments
We thank Clemente Atzeni, Aldo Saitz, and Ermanno Saitz for their valuable help.
References
- Received February 12, 2010.
- Accepted after revision March 31, 2010.
- Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology
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