Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Treatment options for nonsaccular posterior cerebral artery aneurysms include a range of surgical and endovascular reconstructive and deconstructive methods. However, no truly satisfactory treatment option is available to date for lesions arising from the P1 and P2 segments. The purpose of the present case series is to investigate both the efficacy and safety of the Pipeline Embolization Device in treating these challenging aneurysms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a series of 6 consecutive patients who underwent endoluminal reconstruction with the Pipeline Embolization Device for nonsaccular P1 or P2 segment aneurysms between January 2009 and June 2013.
RESULTS: Aneurysm location included the P1 segment in 2 patients and the P2 segment in 4 patients. Mean aneurysm diameter was 23 mm (range, 5–44 mm). Mean length of the arterial segment involved was 10 mm (range, 6–19 mm). Clinical presentation included mass effect in 4 patients and perforator stroke and subacute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1 patient each. Endovascular reconstruction was performed by using 1 Pipeline Embolization Device in 5 patients and 2 overlapping Pipeline Embolization Devices in the remaining patient. Angiographic aneurysm occlusion was immediate in 1 patient, within 6 months in 4 patients, and within 1 year in the remaining patient. Index symptoms resolved in 4 patients and stabilized in the remaining 2. No new permanent neurologic sequelae and no aneurysm recurrence were recorded during the mean follow-up period of 613 days (range, 540–725 days).
CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular reconstruction with the Pipeline Embolization Device for nonsaccular aneurysms arising from the P1 and P2 segments compares favorably with historical treatment options in terms of occlusion rate, margin of safety, and neurologic outcome.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- aSAH
- aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
- CN
- cranial nerve
- PCA
- posterior cerebral artery
- PED
- Pipeline Embolization Device
Nonsaccular posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysms comprise a spectrum of arterial wall diseases spanning a variety of often complex, partially thrombosed lesions with holosegmental involvement as a common attribute.1 Proposed etiologies include congenitally derived lesions, atherosclerosis, and arterial wall dissections of idiopathic, inflammatory, or traumatic origin.2 Whereas the dissecting subset may have a tendency to present early with acute hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, the remaining aneurysms typically come to clinical attention later in the course of their development and hence at comparatively large dimensions.3 Nondissecting, nonsaccular PCA aneurysms have a predilection for P1 and P24 segments and have a tendency to have a sizable thrombotic subcompartment.5,6
The infrequency of these lesions has relegated the surgical and endovascular experience to a relatively thin body of literature.1,5,7⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–15 Reported treatment strategies include a range of reconstructive and deconstructive methods, often distinguished by their variability in outcome (On-line Table 1). We now report and discuss our experience with use of the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED; Covidien, Irvine, California) to treat a series of 6 consecutive cases of complex aneurysms arising from the P1 or P2 segment.
Materials and Methods
Six consecutive patients with nonsaccular aneurysms (circumferentially involving the parent vessel) of the P1 and P2 segments underwent endovascular reconstruction with the PED by our team between January 2009 and June 2013. Basilar apex aneurysms involving the P1 segment were excluded from the present series because in our opinion, they represent a different disease with a very different set of challenges. Patient characteristics are provided in On-line Table 2. The average aneurysm diameter was 23 mm (range, 5–44 mm). The mean length of the arterial segment involved was 10 mm (range, 6–19 mm). Five aneurysms were unruptured, and 1 came to our attention several months following low-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) related to the index P1 aneurysm—initially managed with observation at an outside institution. Index symptoms of the 5 patients with unruptured aneurysms included mass effect–related compression symptoms in 4 patients and hemiparesis following a thalamic perforator stroke in the remaining patient. Mass effect–related compression symptoms included cranial nerve (CN) III palsy in 2 patients, sensorimotor hemisyndrome combined with CN III palsy in 1 patient, and dizziness in 1 patient. Four of the 6 aneurysms included in the present series showed sizable (subtotal) thrombotic subcompartment, 1 showed minimal thrombosis, and the remaining one showed no evidence of thrombosis.
All patients were pretreated with acetylsalicylic acid, 325 mg daily, and clopidogrel, 75 mg daily, for at least 5 days. A P2Y12 assay (VerifyNow; Accumetrics, San Diego, California) was obtained at the beginning of the procedure and thereafter daily until discharge to evaluate and confirm the level of platelet inhibition obtained by the dual antiplatelet regimen. Endoluminal reconstruction was performed in all except 1 case by using a single PED. In patient 4, we elected to overlap 2 devices to maintain single coverage of the normal vascular segments proximal and distal to the aneurysm, with double-coverage of the aneurysm neck. The specific dimensions of the PED were chosen after determination of the length of the aneurysmal arterial segment and parent vessel diameter at the landing zones, proximal and distal to the aneurysm.16 The Marksman (Covidien) microcatheter was used for all embolizations, with a variety of proximal support systems. In cases in which distal access with the Marksman could not be primarily established, microcatheterization was performed with an Excelsior SL-10 microcatheter (Stryker, Kalamzoo, Michigan), followed by an over-the-wire exchange for a Marksman by using a Transend Floppy 0.014 300-cm wire (Stryker). PEDs were deployed by using previously described methods of unsheathing and delivery-wire advancement.17 An immediate postprocedure non-contrast-enhanced head CT scan was routinely performed. In the absence of intracranial hemorrhage, IV heparin infusion was continued for at least 12 hours at rate of 500–700 IU/h.
Clinical follow-up was performed at 1 month, 6 months, and annually thereafter. Follow-up DSA was performed at 6 months and 1 year. Continued growth of the aneurysmal mass despite angiographic “cure” was ruled out in all cases clinically by regression of mass effect–related symptoms when present and was confirmed by serial transaxial follow-up imaging (CT or MR imaging). With the exception of 1 patient whose clopidogrel therapy was prematurely interrupted at 4 months post-PED to allow performance of urgent abdominal surgery unrelated to the aneurysm, dual antiplatelet inhibition was continued for 12 months, with acetylsalicylic acid therapy maintained indefinitely.
Results
The results are listed in On-line Table 2. Angiographic aneurysm occlusion was immediate in 1 patient, within 6 months in 4 patients, and within 1 year in the remaining patient. In the patient requiring clopidogrel discontinuation to allow abdominal surgery, the parent artery was occluded at 6-month angiographic follow-up, without clinical or radiographic evidence of infarction. Index symptoms resolved in 4 of 6 patients and stabilized in the remaining 2. Patients presenting with subacute aSAH (patient 1) and a small mesencephalic perforator stroke (patient 2) recovered from their index symptoms. Mass effect-related index symptoms resolved in 2 of 4 patients and stabilized in the remaining 2. Third cranial nerve palsy (patients 4 and 6) completely resolved. In the 2 patients who presented with symptoms related to long-standing brain stem compression (patients 3 and 5), index symptoms stabilized, but did not resolve. There were no instances of new permanent neurologic deficits during the entire mean of 613 days (range, 540–725 days) of clinical follow-up. An illustrative case (patient 4) is shown in Figs 1 and 2.
Illustrative case (patient 4). A 68-year-old man presented with right oculomotor nerve palsy. DSA (A1) and noncontrast head CT (A2) reveal a fusiform P2 aneurysm with a maximum diameter of 23 mm and a 7-mm length of the arterial segment involved (neck width). Endovascular reconstruction with 2 overlapping PED devices (2.5 × 20 mm, 2.75 ×10 mm) led to considerable stasis of contrast in the aneurysm body illustrated on postembolization control DSA (B1) and unsubtracted angiography (B2 and B3).
In the same patient, at 6 months, DSA shows complete angiographic aneurysm occlusion (C1). Regression of mass effect–related symptoms (CN III palsy) is correlated with the regression of aneurysm mass effect as illustrated on 6-month follow-up noncontrast head CT (C2). At 1 year, DSA (D1) confirms stable angiographic cure, and axial T2-weighted MR imaging (D2) shows nearly complete involution of the aneurysm sac.
Delivery of the PED in patient 3 required advancement of a 5F Navien (Covidien) intracranial support catheter into the distal basilar artery and was associated with perforation of the left P1, documented by slow contrast extravasation on DSA. PED deployment was completed across the aneurysm neck and perforation site, leading to immediate hemostasis. Postprocedure non-contrast-enhanced head CT demonstrated subarachnoid blood and contrast within the basal cisterns and the medial left Sylvian fissure. The patient, who initially presented with mass effect symptoms of dizziness and right-sided sensorimotor deficits, emerged from anesthesia with a new headache and worsened right-sided sensorimotor symptoms. She recovered to her preprocedural baseline neurologic status during the next several weeks, without additional endovascular or surgical intervention.
Discussion
The advent of minimally porous endoluminal devices has produced a paradigm shift in the treatment of both anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms17,18 and, in particular, has generated enthusiasm for their use in challenging posterior circulation lesions. Although the early experience with flow diverters in the posterior circulation has been mixed,9,19 the variability in outcomes likely reflects, in part, the heterogeneity of lesions involving the posterior circulation group rather than an inherent limitation of the treatment technique per se. The current small series illustrates this point, demonstrating both the efficacy and reasonable safety of the PED in treating proximal PCA aneurysms. This is further underscored by the large size and complex geometry of lesions in this series and by the single technical complication related to device deployment in a case of particularly challenging geometry.
For the most part, treatment with the PED was limited to a single device due to concern for coverage of eloquent regional perforators. This was circumvented in patient 4, in whom it was elected to overlap 2 shorter devices across the aneurysm neck in a manner that maintained single coverage of the normal vascular segments proximal and distal to the aneurysm, illustrating one technical refinement to enable increased selective coverage of the aneurysm, while concomitantly minimizing the associated coverage risk to adjacent perforators.20 Given reports of occasional late in-stent thrombosis, particularly in the posterior circulation,21 it may be prudent to prolong dual antiplatelet therapy (12 months or longer) and to consider indefinite single agent maintenance. We think that the single incidence of in-stent thrombosis in our series upon after required deliberate discontinuation of clopidogrel clearly supports such and antiplatelet regimen.
In line with previously reported results for endoluminal reconstruction by using the PED for large and giant aneurysms in the anterior circulation,22 2 of 4 patients who presented with long-standing neural compression symptoms did not experience full clinical recovery despite documented aneurysm involution. In our opinion, these results are largely in line with those that would be expected after classic deconstructive treatment such as proximal parent artery clip or coil occlusion. In the present series, transaxial follow-up imaging was performed in all cases, demonstrating, in line with previous reports,22,23 an acute stage of thrombosis consistently followed by aneurysm involution during several months. Two of 3 patients who had CN III palsy recovered rapidly, with the third patient (patient 5) with a giant 44-mm aneurysm displacing CN III and the adjacent brain stem. Patient 3, who also presented with long-standing brain stem dysfunction related to a particularly large aneurysm, showed stabilization, but not complete resolution of index symptoms as well. Based on our results we advocate that clinical recovery parallels to a large degree the degree and duration of neural compression, and the specific sensitivity of the involved neural structures to compression. In conclusion, therapeutic parent artery sacrifice may allow more immediate mass effect reduction, but the benefit of more rapid decompression remains, to our knowledge, unproven. Also, deconstructive methods fundamentally rely on the competence of the collateral arterial supply,11 and ischemic complications following therapeutic parent vessel sacrifice include hemianopia or thalamic perforator stroke and certainly do occur as illustrated in On-line Table 1.1,5,10⇓⇓⇓⇓–15,24 Based on our experience, we hence propose that endoluminal reconstruction with the PED likely falls within the range of deconstructive methods in terms of relieving mass effect but offers the benefits of preserved anterograde flow in the parent PCA.
Nonsaccular proximal PCA aneurysms are formidable lesions that remain challenging to treat with any existing method. Despite the encouraging results reported in the present series, there remain limits with the currently available generation of PED. The potentially fatal incident that occurred in patient 3 illustrates how PED deployment becomes progressively more challenging in the more tortuous distal territories, in part due to the relative stiffness of the currently available PED delivery platform. This point is underscored by the extremely complex vascular geometry, the large size of the aneurysm (31 mm), and the fact that a single 35-mm PED was used in patient 3. Although in our case, full deployment of the PED covered the site of arterial injury and hence was an immediate bailout, future device development will need to address the limitations of the current generation of PED. Depending on the local vascular geometry, we also advocate, in selected cases, overlapping 2 shorter, hence more flexible devices, which are less prone to torsion during deployment devices, in a manner maintaining single coverage of the normal arterial segments proximal and distal to the aneurysm while maximizing selective coverage across the aneurysm neck (eg, illustrative case, patient 4).
Conclusions
PED embolization of nonsaccular aneurysms arising from the proximal PCA compares favorably with historical treatment options in terms of occlusion rate, margin of safety, and neurologic outcome. The present series lends support to the use of the PED, under appropriate clinical circumstances, as a first-line strategy in carefully chosen lesions.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Daniel W. Zumofen—UNRELATED: Employment: New York University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Comments: fellow salary for my fellow/clinical instructor position in the Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Grants/Grants Pending: personal scholarship from the Fund Helmut Hartweg and the Swiss Academy of Medical Science, Comments: 1-year personal scholarship from the Fund Helmut Hartweg and the Swiss Academy of Medical Science to cofinance my fellowship at the New York University School of Medicine. Maksim Shapiro—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Covidien, Comments: I am a Pipeline device proctor and consultant with Covidien; Payment for Development of Educational Presentations: Covidien, Comments: I am a Pipeline device proctor and consultant with Covidien. Tibor Becske—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Covidien/ev3 (consultant); Payment for Lectures (including service on Speakers Bureaus): Covidien/ev3, Comments: I have given lectures for honoraria in the past; Payment for Development of Educational Presentations: Covidien/ev3, Comments: I participated in developing training programs for US physicians in the use of the Pipeline device. Peter K. Nelson—RELATED: Consulting Fee or Honorarium: Covidien; UNRELATED: Consultancy: Covidien.
Daniel W. Zumofen has a personal scholarship from the Fund Helmut Hartweg for the promotion of young researchers in the field of medical radiology and the Schweizerische Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften.
REFERENCES
- Received August 6, 2014.
- Accepted after revision November 17, 2014.
- © 2015 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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