Abstract
SUMMARY: The pathophysiologic role of hemodynamic alteration to peripheral vessels in Moyamoya angiopathy and the formation of microaneurysms remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate microaneurysms in collateral Moyamoya vessels by using 7T ultra-high-field MR imaging. Ten patients with Moyamoya disease were evaluated with TOF-MRA at 7T acquired with 0.22 × 0.22 × 0.41 mm3 resolution. In 10 patients, 4 microaneuryms located in the ventricles were delineated. The mean diameters of collateral vessels and microaneurysms arising from those vessels were 0.87 mm (range, 0.79–1.07 mm) and 0.80 mm (range, 0.56–0.96 mm), respectively. In 1 case with follow-up scans 6 months after a direct extracranial-intracranial bypass operation, the microaneurysm disappeared. Ventricular microaneurysms in Moyamoya angiopathy collateral vessels, inaccessible by conventional imaging techniques, can be detected by 7T TOF-MRA.
ABBREVIATION:
- MMA
- Moyamoya angiopathy
Moyamoya angiopathy (MMA) is a rare cerebrovascular pathology characterized by progressive occlusion of the terminal carotid arteries associated with the formation of collateral Moyamoya vessels.1,2 The patients could have ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke, though there are notable differences in clinical symptoms among the age of onset and race.3⇓⇓–6 The proposed pathophysiologic mechanism for hemorrhage in MMA is long-term hemodynamic stress to collateral vessels.5⇓⇓–8 It has been hypothesized that formation of microaneurysms might be an additional pathophysiologic explanation. Small aneurysms (2–3 mm) of these collateral vessels have been associated with intraventricular hemorrhage in several reports.7⇓⇓⇓–11 However, the incidence and natural history of microaneurysms associated with MMA remain unclear because detection of submillimeter-range aneurysms remains unfeasible with conventional imaging techniques. This study aimed to investigate underlying microaneurysms of collateral vessels by using ultra-high-field 7T TOF-MRA.
Materials and Methods
In addition to a standard clinical work-up with 3T TOF-MRA and selective DSA, patients with MMA were prospectively recruited in a 7T TOF-MRA feasibility study between October 2011 and November 2012.12 These data were recently re-evaluated to screen for the presence of microaneurysms in collateral Moyamoya vessels. The study was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the University Duisburg-Essen institutional review board. Written informed consent was obtained before each examination. All 7T examinations were performed by using a whole-body MR imaging system (Magnetom 7T; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) equipped with a 1-channel transmit/32-channel receive head radiofrequency coil (Nova Medical, Wilmington, Massachusetts). The system has a gradient system providing 45 mT/m maximum amplitude and a slew rate of 200 mT/m/ms. For MRA, a previously described customized 3D fast low-angle shot TOF pulse sequence was applied.12,13 Datasets were acquired with the following parameters: flip angle α = 18°, TE = 4.34 ms, TR = 20 ms, FOV = 200 × 169 × 46 mm3, 112 sections per slab (oversampling 14%), parallel imaging (generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition) with an acceleration factor R = 4 (phase direction), partial Fourier 6/8 in both section and phase directions, matrix = 896 × 756 (noninterpolated), voxel size = 0.22 × 0.22 × 0.41 mm3 (noninterpolated), and total acquisition time of 6 minutes 22 seconds. Images were analyzed by 2 experienced vascular neurosurgeons (T.M. and K.H.W.) and an experienced neuroradiologist (M.S.) in a consensus reading by using an open-source medical image viewer (Horos; http://www.horosproject.org/) in a 3-step evaluation process. At first, every rater individually assessed the transverse source images for the presence of microaneurysms. In the second step, multiplanar 3D image reconstructions and MIPs were similarly evaluated. Finally, all 3 raters discussed their individual evaluations to establish a consensus reading.
Results
Basic demographic data for all patients and major anatomic features of microaneurysms are summarized in the Table. There were no signs of acute hemorrhage or bleeding remnants in any patient. Collateral vessels in the ventricles branching from the posterior choroidal arteries were present in 8 of 10 patients. Neither conventional MRA nor DSA detected microaneurysms in these collateral Moyamoya vessels. All raters detected 3 microaneurysms in transverse source images during the initial evaluation (cases 5, 6, and 8). Two raters detected a microaneurysm in transverse source images (case 4), which was only suspected in these images by the third rater. All 4 microaneurysms were individually detected by the raters in multiplanar 3D image reconstructions and MIPs. After individual assessments, all findings were discussed to have a consensus reading. There was no false-positive or false-negative detection of a microaneurysm by a single rater. The mean diameters of collateral vessels and microaneurysms arising from those vessels were 0.87 mm (range, 0.79–1.07 mm) and 0.80 mm (range, 0.56–0.96 mm), respectively. Figure 1 illustrates specific features of 3 microaneurysms. One microaneurysm disappeared on the follow-up examination 6 months after the direct extracranial-intracranial bypass operation (Figs 2 and 3).
Patient demographics and anatomic characteristics for all microaneurysms
Two different projections of MIP from TOF-MRA at 7T in cases 4 (A and B), 6 (C and D), and 8 (E and F) demonstrate an intraventricular microaneurysm (arrow) arising from collateral vessels.
Cerebral angiography with anteroposterior (A) and lateral (B) views in case 5. Right internal carotid angiography reveals occlusion of the right carotid fork and tiny basal collateral vessels. The right posterior cerebral artery and right posterior choroidal artery are also prominent as collateral vessels. No intracranial aneurysms can be delineated.
TOF-MRA and MIP of TOF-MRA at 7T before (A–C) and 6 months after (D–F) the bypass operation in case 5. A microaneurysm (560-μm maximum diameter) is delineated arising from a collateral vessel of the posterior choroidal artery in the third ventricle (arrow). Six months after the bypass operation, MIP of TOF-MRA shows disappearance of the microaneurysm. The signal intensity of collateral vessels has decreased in the matched axial planes (asterisk). The scale bar indicates 10.0 mm (TOF-MRA, A and D) and 1.0 mm (MIP image, B and C; E and F), respectively.
Discussion
This is the first presentation of MMA with microaneurysms in collateral Moyamoya vessels. This study illustrates the possible clinical application of 7T TOF-MRA to detect submillimeter-range microaneurysms arising from peripheral collateral vessels in MMA. So far, only 1 histopathologic study has analyzed the presence of microaneurysms (200- to 550-μm diameter) in MMA.14 It revealed true microaneurysm formation or degenerative changes in the vessels predisposing to rupture of perforating arteries. However, the prevalence of these microaneurysms remains unclear because current imaging techniques are unable to detect them. Given the previously published histopathologic data,14 spatial resolution has to be well below the diameter of Moyamoya vessels to be capable of visualizing microaneuryms. Detecting these submillimeter-range microaneurysms in complex and tiny collateral Moyamoya vessels remains unfeasible even for DSA, the current criterion standard, or high-resolution 3T MRA. The high spatial resolution used in the presented study allowed visualizing these microaneuryms in vivo for the first time. Several recent studies showed the excellent diagnostic accuracy of this imaging technique to delineate microvascular structures and vessel walls.15⇓⇓–18
The formation of flow-related aneurysms has recently been investigated in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations.19 The proposed pathophysiologic mechanism involves hemodynamic alterations to peripheral vessel walls that cannot compensate for increased blood flow.19 The same pathophysiologic mechanism seems to play a key role in aneurysm formation in MMA and can explain intracranial hemorrhage in patients with Moyamoya disease.5⇓⇓–8 Nevertheless, dedicated computational flow simulations are pending to evaluate this hypothesis. Several authors suggested the relevance of hemodynamic changes for the treatment of flow-related peripheral aneurysms.9⇓–11 In their recent study, Miyamoto et al20 showed a significant reduction of intracranial hemorrhage after superficial temporal artery–MCA bypass surgery. They speculated that reduction of long-term hemodynamic alterations in fragile Moyamoya collateral vessels might explain their findings. The disappearance of 1 microaneurysm in the present case series (case 5) might support the hypothesis of favorable hemodynamic alterations after a bypass operation.
The prevalence of microaneurysms and their pathophysiologic relevance remains unclear. This report warrants further prospective studies to reveal the prevalence of microaneurysms associated with MMA and their fate after treatment.
Limitations
The lack of a diagnostic criterion standard for nonsurgical detection of microaneurysms is the main limitation of the present study. None of the patients underwent surgical exposure of parent vessels and microaneurysms. Thus, histopathologic validation of the microaneurysms was not available. However, the dedicated 3-step image assessment by 3 experienced raters and the high spatial resolution of the applied 7T TOF sequence yields reliable results. The high diagnostic accuracy to delineate microvascular structures has recently been shown for the applied TOF sequence.
The small number patients was another limitation to the study. However, enlisting a substantially larger number of patients with MMA for a 7T MR imaging study remains restricted due the low incidence of MMA and the limited availability of 7T MR imaging systems.
Conclusions
Ventricular microaneurysms in MMA collateral vessels, inaccessible by conventional imaging techniques, can be detected by 7T TOF-MRA.
Footnotes
T. Matsushige and M. Kraemer contributed equally to this work.
Disclosures: Markus Kraemer—UNRELATED: Grants/Grants Pending: Novartis grant, grant from German Neurology Society; Payment for Lectures (including service on Speakers Bureaus): Teva, Novartis, Merck Serono, Shire; Travel/Accommodations/Meeting Expenses Unrelated to Activities Listed: Teva, Biogen, Novartis. Peter Berlit—UNRELATED: Payment for Lectures (including service on Speakers Bureaus): Merck, Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Novartis. Karsten H. Wrede—RELATED: Grant: IFORES (Programm zur internen Forschungsförderung Essen, University Duisburg-Essen).
Karsten H. Wrede was supported by the University Duisburg-Essen (IFORES grant: Programm zur internen Forschungsförderung Essen).
References
- Received December 18, 2015.
- Accepted after revision February 5, 2016.
- © 2016 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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