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Table of Contents

February 01, 2019; Volume 40,Issue 2

Perspectives

  • Perspectives
    You have access
    Perspectives
    Steven M. Schonfeld
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 205; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.P0052

Review Article

  • Review Article
    Open Access
    A Review of Magnetic Particle Imaging and Perspectives on Neuroimaging
    L.C. Wu, Y. Zhang, G. Steinberg, H. Qu, S. Huang, M. Cheng, T. Bliss, F. Du, J. Rao, G. Song, L. Pisani, T. Doyle, S. Conolly, K. Krishnan, G. Grant and M. Wintermark
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 206-212; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5896

Practice Perspectives

  • FELLOWS' JOURNAL CLUBPractice Perspectives
    You have access
    A Call to Improve the Visibility and Access of the American College of Radiology Practice Parameters in Neuroradiology: A Powerful Value Stream Enhancer for Both Neuroradiologists and Patients
    J.E. Jordan and A. Norbash
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 213-216; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5923

    The authors suggest that practitioners gain a high degree of familiarity with accessing practice parameters. Doing so will provide additional reference and access to the practice parameters when medical literature searches are undertaken or when questions arise regarding best practices. Such an approach will ensure that future neuroradiology clinical guidelines or technical standards documents are provided as broad an exposure as possible. This effort could enhance the visibility and accessibility of the quality of practice for neuroradiologists, provide needed clinical guidance to practice state-of-the-art neuroradiology/radiology, and ensure the visibility of our valuable contributions to both individual patient care and collective patient outcomes.

General Contents

  • FELLOWS' JOURNAL CLUBAdult Brain
    You have access
    A Deep Learning–Based Approach to Reduce Rescan and Recall Rates in Clinical MRI Examinations
    A. Sreekumari, D. Shanbhag, D. Yeo, T. Foo, J. Pilitsis, J. Polzin, U. Patil, A. Coblentz, A. Kapadia, J. Khinda, A. Boutet, J. Port and I. Hancu
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 217-223; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5926

    The purpose of this study was to develop a fast, automated method for assessing rescan need in motion-corrupted brain series. A deep learning–based approach was developed, outputting a probability for a series to be clinically useful. Comparison of this per-series probability with a threshold, which can depend on scan indication and reading radiologist, determines whether a series needs to be rescanned. The deep learning classification performance was compared with that of 4 technologists and 5 radiologists in 49 test series with low and moderate motion artifacts. Fast, automated deep learning–based image-quality rating can decrease rescan and recall rates, while rendering them technologist-independent. It was estimated that decreasing rescans and recalls from the technologists' values to the values of deep learning could save hospitals $24,000/scanner/year.

  • EDITOR'S CHOICEAdult Brain
    Open Access
    Improving the Quality of Synthetic FLAIR Images with Deep Learning Using a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network for Pixel-by-Pixel Image Translation
    A. Hagiwara, Y. Otsuka, M. Hori, Y. Tachibana, K. Yokoyama, S. Fujita, C. Andica, K. Kamagata, R. Irie, S. Koshino, T. Maekawa, L. Chougar, A. Wada, M.Y. Takemura, N. Hattori and S. Aoki
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 224-230; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5927

    Forty patients with MS were prospectively included and scanned (3T) to acquire synthetic MR imaging and conventional FLAIR images. Synthetic FLAIR images were created with the SyMRI software. Acquired data were divided into 30 training and 10 test datasets. A conditional generative adversarial network was trained to generate improved FLAIR images from raw synthetic MR imaging data using conventional FLAIR images as targets. The peak signal-to-noise ratio, normalized root mean square error, and the Dice index of MS lesion maps were calculated for synthetic and deep learning FLAIR images against conventional FLAIR images, respectively. Lesion conspicuity and the existence of artifacts were visually assessed. The peak signal-to-noise ratio and normalized root mean square error were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in generated-versus-synthetic FLAIR images in aggregate intracranial tissues and all tissue segments. The Dice index of lesion maps and visual lesion conspicuity were comparable between generated and synthetic FLAIR images. Using deep learning, the authors conclude that they improved the synthetic FLAIR image quality by generating FLAIR images that have contrast closer to that of conventional FLAIR images and fewer granular and swelling artifacts, while preserving the lesion contrast.

  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    Effect of Gadolinium on the Estimation of Myelin and Brain Tissue Volumes Based on Quantitative Synthetic MRI
    T. Maekawa, A. Hagiwara, M. Hori, C. Andica, T. Haruyama, M. Kuramochi, M. Nakazawa, S. Koshino, R. Irie, K. Kamagata, A. Wada, O. Abe and S. Aoki
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 231-237; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5921
  • Adult Brain
    You have access
    FDG-PET and MRI in the Evolution of New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus
    T. Strohm, C. Steriade, G. Wu, S. Hantus, A. Rae-Grant and M. Larvie
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 238-244; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5929
  • Adult Brain
    You have access
    Alterations in Brain Metabolites in Patients with Epilepsy with Impaired Consciousness: A Case-Control Study of Interictal Multivoxel 1H-MRS Findings
    Z. Tan, X. Long, F. Tian, L. Huang, F. Xie and S. Li
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 245-252; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5944
  • EDITOR'S CHOICEAdult Brain
    Open Access
    Utility of Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion-Weighted MR Imaging and 11C-Methionine PET/CT for Differentiation of Tumor Recurrence from Radiation Injury in Patients with High-Grade Gliomas
    Z. Qiao, X. Zhao, K. Wang, Y. Zhang, D. Fan, T. Yu, H. Shen, Q. Chen and L. Ai
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 253-259; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5952

    Forty-two patients with high-grade gliomas were enrolled in this study. The final diagnosis was determined by histopathologic analysis or clinical follow-up. PWI and PET parameters were recorded and compared between patients with recurrence and those with radiation injury using Student t tests. Receiver operating characteristic and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the diagnostic performance of each parameter. The final diagnosis was recurrence in 33 patients and radiation injury in 9. PET/CT showed a patient-based sensitivity and specificity of 0.909 and 0.556, respectively, while PWI showed values of 0.667 and 0.778, respectively. The maximum standardized uptake value, mean standardized uptake value, tumor-to-background maximum standardized uptake value, and mean relative CBV were significantly higher for patients with recurrence than for patients with radiation injury. All these parameters showed a significant discriminative power in receiver operating characteristic analysis. Both 11C-methionine PET/CT and PWI are equally accurate in the differentiation of recurrence from radiation injury in patients with high-grade gliomas, and a combination of the 2 modalities could result in increased diagnostic accuracy.

  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    Standardized MR Perfusion Scoring System for Evaluation of Sequential Perfusion Changes and Surgical Outcome of Moyamoya Disease
    Y.-H. Lin, M.-F. Kuo, C.-J. Lu, C.-W. Lee, S.-H. Yang, Y.-C. Huang, H.-M. Liu and Y.-F. Chen
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 260-266; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5945
  • FELLOWS' JOURNAL CLUBAdult Brain
    Open Access
    Acute Toxic Leukoencephalopathy: Etiologies, Imaging Findings, and Outcomes in 101 Patients
    C. Özütemiz, S.K. Roshan, N.J. Kroll, J.C. Benson, J.B. Rykken, M.C. Oswood, L. Zhang and A.M. McKinney
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 267-275; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5947

    Of 101 included patients, the 4 subgroups of >6 were the following: chemotherapy (n = 35), opiates (n = 19), acute hepatic encephalopathy (n = 14), and immunosuppressants (n = 11). Other causes (n = 22 total) notably included carbon monoxide (n = 3) metronidazole (n = 2), and uremia (n = 1). Acute hepatic/hyperammonemic encephalopathy clinically resolved in 36%, with severe outcomes in 23% (coma or death, 9/16 deaths from fludarabine). Notable laboratory results were elevated CSF myelin basic protein levels in 8/9 patients and serum blood urea nitrogen levels in 24/91. Acute toxic leukoencephalopathy is an imaging appearance that can arise from various etiologies, with potentially reversible reduced diffusion predominately affecting the periventricular WM. Given the shared DWI appearance among this heterogeneous array of etiologies, their outcomes may differ. Thus, the neurologic symptoms completely resolved in 36%, while severe outcomes occurred in 23%. The clinical outcome was most severe with chemotherapy-related ATL.

  • Adult Brain
    You have access
    Sexual Dimorphism and Hemispheric Asymmetry of Hippocampal Volumetric Integrity in Normal Aging and Alzheimer Disease
    B.A. Ardekani, S.A. Hadid, E. Blessing and A.H. Bachman
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 276-282; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5943
  • Interventional
    You have access
    Clinical Outcome after Thrombectomy in Patients with Stroke with Premorbid Modified Rankin Scale Scores of 3 and 4: A Cohort Study with 136 Patients
    F. Seker, J. Pfaff, S. Schönenberger, C. Herweh, S. Nagel, P.A. Ringleb, M. Bendszus and M.A. Möhlenbruch
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 283-286; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5920
  • Interventional
    You have access
    Selection of Patients with Stroke for Thrombectomy Must Be Judicious and Should Not Be Offered to Any Patient with Large-Vessel Occlusion with a Femoral Pulse
    B. Yan
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 287; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5928
  • Interventional
    Open Access
    Ostium Ratio and Neck Ratio Could Predict the Outcome of Sidewall Intracranial Aneurysms Treated with Flow Diverters
    N. Paliwal, V.M. Tutino, H. Shallwani, J.S. Beecher, R.J. Damiano, H.J. Shakir, G.S. Atwal, V.S. Fennell, S.K. Natarajan, E.I. Levy, A.H. Siddiqui, J.M. Davies and H. Meng
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 288-294; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5953
  • Interventional
    You have access
    Endothelialization following Flow Diversion for Intracranial Aneurysms: A Systematic Review
    K. Ravindran, M.M. Salem, A.Y. Alturki, A.J. Thomas, C.S. Ogilvy and J.M. Moore
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 295-301; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5955
  • Interventional
    Open Access
    High-Definition Zoom Mode, a High-Resolution X-Ray Microscope for Neurointerventional Treatment Procedures: A Blinded-Rater Clinical-Utility Study
    S.V. Setlur Nagesh, V. Fennel, J. Krebs, C. Ionita, J. Davies, D.R. Bednarek, M. Mokin, A.H. Siddiqui and S. Rudin
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 302-308; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5922
  • Interventional
    You have access
    Percutaneous CT-Guided Skull Biopsy: Feasibility, Safety, and Diagnostic Yield
    A. Tomasian, T.J. Hillen and J.W. Jennings
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 309-312; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5949
  • Extracranial Vascular
    Open Access
    Transient Ischemic Attack and Carotid Web
    H. Hu, X. Zhang, J. Zhao, Y. Li and Y. Zhao
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 313-318; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5946
  • Functional
    Open Access
    Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Middle Frontal Gyrus Can Predict Language Lateralization in Patients with Brain Tumors
    S. Gohel, M.E. Laino, G. Rajeev-Kumar, M. Jenabi, K. Peck, V. Hatzoglou, V. Tabar, A.I. Holodny and B. Vachha
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 319-325; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5932
  • EDITOR'S CHOICEHead & Neck
    Open Access
    Treatment Response Prediction of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Based on Histogram Analysis of Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging
    N. Tu, Y. Zhong, X. Wang, F. Xing, L. Chen and G. Wu
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 326-333; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5925

    Thirty-six patients with an initial diagnosis of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma and diffusional kurtosis imaging acquisitions before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled. Patients were divided into respond-versus-nonrespond groups after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and residual-versus-nonresidual groups after radiation therapy. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that setting pre-D50th = 0.875 x 10-3 mm2/s as the cutoff value could result in optimal diagnostic performance for neoadjuvant chemotherapy response prediction (area under the curve = 0.814, sensitivity = 0.70, specificity = 0.92), while the post-K90th = 1.035 (area under the curve = 0.829, sensitivity = 0.78, specificity = 0.72) was optimal for radiation therapy response prediction. Histogram analysis of diffusional kurtosis imaging may potentially predict the neoadjuvant chemotherapy and short-term radiation therapy response in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

  • Head & Neck
    Open Access
    Contrast-Enhanced 3D-FLAIR Imaging of the Optic Nerve and Optic Nerve Head: Novel Neuroimaging Findings of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
    E. Golden, R. Krivochenitser, N. Mathews, C. Longhurst, Y. Chen, J.-P.J. Yu and T.A. Kennedy
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 334-339; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5937
  • Pediatrics
    Open Access
    Cavum Septum Pellucidum in the General Pediatric Population and Its Relation to Surrounding Brain Structure Volumes, Cognitive Function, and Emotional or Behavioral Problems
    M.H.G. Dremmen, R.H. Bouhuis, L.M.E. Blanken, R.L. Muetzel, M.W. Vernooij, H.E. Marroun, V.W.V. Jaddoe, F.C. Verhulst, H. Tiemeier and T. White
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 340-346; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5939
  • Pediatrics
    Open Access
    MR Imaging Scoring System for White Matter Injury after Deep Medullary Vein Thrombosis and Infarction in Neonates
    K.L. Benninger, N.L. Maitre, L. Ruess and J.A. Rusin
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 347-352; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5940
  • Pediatrics
    You have access
    Volumetric MRI Study of the Brain in Fetuses with Intrauterine Cytomegalovirus Infection and Its Correlation to Neurodevelopmental Outcome
    A. Grinberg, E. Katorza, D. Hoffman, R. Ber, A. Mayer and S. Lipitz
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 353-358; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5948
  • Pediatrics
    You have access
    Brain DSC MR Perfusion in Children: A Clinical Feasibility Study Using Different Technical Standards of Contrast Administration
    S. Gaudino, M. Martucci, A. Botto, E. Ruberto, E. Leone, A. Infante, A. Ramaglia, M. Caldarelli, P. Frassanito, F.M. Triulzi and C. Colosimo
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 359-365; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5954
  • Pediatrics
    You have access
    High-Grade Gliomas in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Literature Review and Illustrative Cases
    C.D. Spyris, R.C. Castellino, M.J. Schniederjan and N. Kadom
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 366-369; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5888
  • Spine
    You have access
    A 3T Phase-Sensitive Inversion Recovery MRI Sequence Improves Detection of Cervical Spinal Cord Lesions and Shows Active Lesions in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
    A. Fechner, J. Savatovsky, J. El Methni, J.C. Sadik, O. Gout, R. Deschamps, A. Gueguen and A. Lecler
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 370-375; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5941
  • Spine
    You have access
    Renal Contrast on CT Myelography: Diagnostic Value in Patients with Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
    K.A. Kinsman, J.T. Verdoorn, P.H. Luetmer, M.S. Clark and F.E. Diehn
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 376-381; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5934
  • Spine
    You have access
    Single-Needle Lateral Sacroplasty Technique
    P.J. Nicholson, C.A. Hilditch, W. Brinjikji, A.C.O. Tsang and R. Smith
    American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) 382-385; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5884

Online Features

  • Letters

    • LETTER
      You have access
      Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialists Should Manage Patients Requiring Fetal MRI of the Central Nervous System
      C.M. Pfeifer
      American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) E6; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5894
    • LETTER
      You have access
      The “Bovine Aortic Arch”: Time to Rethink the True Origin of the Term?
      L.J. Ridley, J. Han and H. Xiang
      American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) E7-E8; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5924
    • LETTER
      You have access
      Reply:
      R. Rajagopal and S. Sharma
      American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) E9; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5965
    • LETTER
      You have access
      Is Delayed Speech Development a Long-Term Sequela of Birth-Related Subdural Hematoma?
      N. Lynøe, D. Olsson and A. Eriksson
      American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) E10; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5890
    • LETTER
      You have access
      Reply:
      V.J. Rooks, L. Ruess, G.W. Peterman and R.C. Pedersen
      American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2019, 40 (2) E11; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5969
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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 40 (2)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 40, Issue 2
1 Feb 2019
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