Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
A representative case depicting the T2WI FLAIR precontrast, T2WI FLAIR postcontrast, and T2WI FLAIR pre-/postcontrast subtraction images. The FreeSurfer-derived white and pial surfaces are shown in yellow and red, respectively. The white arrow shows a focus of leptomeningeal contrast enhancement.
- Fig 2.
A representative cortical reconstruction from FreeSurfer is shown with dilated ROIs overlaid on the cortical surface. Gyri are shown in green, while sulci are shown in red. The red circle corresponds to the position of the mapped focus of leptomeningeal contrast enhancement. Different-sized ROIs are shown in varying colors.
Tables
RRMS (n = 43) SPMS (n = 15) P Valuea Women (No.) (%) 38 (88.4) 11 (73.3) .658 Age (mean) (SD) (yr) 52.8 (12.1) 60.5 (6.7) .023b Disease duration (mean) (SD) (yr) 15.2 (8.9) 21.9 (8.3) .014b EDSS (median) (IQR) 3.0 (2.0–3.5) 6.0 (3.6–6.5) .003b Age at onset (mean) (SD) (yr) 37.6 (12.0) 38.7 (8.5) .428 Disease-modifying therapy (No.) (%) Interferon β-1a I.M. 14 (32.6) 2 (13.3) .111 Interferon β-1a S.C. 3 (9.3) 0 (0) Glatiramer acetate 8 (18.6) 2 (13.3) Natalizumab 4 (9.3) 1 (6.7) Dimethyl fumarate 2 (4.7) 0 (0) Fingolimod 3 (7.0) 0 (0) Teriflunomide 1 (2.3) 3 (20.0) Rituximab 1 (2.3) 0 (0) Ocrelizumab 0 (0) 1 (6.7) IVIG 1 (2.3) 1 (6.7) No therapy 6 (14.0) 5 (33.3) No. of LMCE foci 1 (n = 33) 1 (n = 8) .292 2 (n = 8) 2 (n = 4) 3 (n = 2) 3 (n = 3) LMCE shape (No.) .637 Nodular 36 16 Linear 7 5 Plate-like 12 4 T2 lesion volume (mean) (SD) (mL) 16.0 (16.2) 15.8 (11.4) .965 Gd lesion volume (median) (IQR) (mL) 0 (0–0) 0 (0–0) .097 Note:—EDSS indicates Expanded Disability Status Scale; I.M., intramuscular; S.C., subcutaneous; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; Gd, gadolinium.
↵a P value represents differences between the patients with RRMS and SPMS. The differences between the groups were analyzed using the Fisher exact, Student t, Mann-Whitney U, or χ2 test.
↵b P values < .05.
- Table 2:
Cortical thickness measurements in the ipsilateral region surrounding focal areas of leptomeningeal contrast enhancement and in the contralateral regiona
Entire Cohort (80 LMCE Foci) Patients with RRMS (55 LMCE Foci) Patients with SPMS (25 LMCE Foci) Dilations Ipsilateral Contralateral Pct. Diff. P/FDR-P Ipsilateral Contralateral Pct. Diff. P/FDR-P Ipsilateral Contralateral Pct. Diff. P/FDR-P 5 2.043 (.515) 2.149 (.556) −5.06 .07/.187 2.031 (.534) 2.212 (.567) −8.53 .005/.04b 2.070 (.480) 2.000 (.510) 3.44 .562/.823 10 2.063 (.437) 2.160 (.476) −4.59 .016/.128 2.099 (.455) 2.211 (.501) −5.20 .011/.044b 1.979 (.387) 2.039 (.396) −2.99 .493/.823 15 2.088 (.411) 2.153 (.413) −3.07 .039/.156 2.141 (.414) 2.208 (.432) −3.08 .055/.147 1.964 (.383) 2.023 (.339) −2.96 .384/.823 20 2.114 (.286) 2.136 (.385) −1.04 .409/.554 2.167 (.394) 2.196 (.395) −1.33 .365/.417 1.989 (.342) 2.000 (.325) −.55 .895/.895 25 2.116 (.362) 2.131 (.368) −.71 .485/.554 2.167 (.376) 2.194 (.377) −1.24 .306/.408 1.996 (.301) 1.983 (.306) 0.65 .749/.856 30 2.113 (.348) 2.131 (.354) −.85 .342/.554 2.162 (.363) 2.195 (.361) −1.51 .137/.274 1.997 (.284) 1.980 (.291) 0.85 .617/.823 35 2.115 (.338) 2.127 (.342) −.57 .483/.554 2.165 (.353) 2.190 (.347) −1.15 .191/.306 1.998 (.273) 1.977 (.284) 1.06 .509/.823 40 2.117 (.327) 2.120 (.332) −.14 .882/.882 2.168 (.341) 2.180 (.336) −.55 .529/.529 1.998 (.261) 1.979 (.282) 0.95 .485/.823 Note:—Pct. Diff. indicates percentage difference; FDR, false discovery rate.
Ipsilateral and contralateral columns represent mean (standard deviation) cortical thickness measures in millimeters.
↵a Paired t tests comparing the ipsilateral and contralateral regions were used to calculate P values. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to control the false discovery rate.
↵b Corrected P values < .05.
