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Table of Contents

September 01, 2020; Volume 41,Issue 9

Perspectives

  • You have access
    Perspectives
    Gianvincenzo Sparacia
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1541; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.P0104

Review Articles

  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    Radiologically Isolated Syndrome: A Review for Neuroradiologists
    M. Hosseiny, S.D. Newsome and D.M. Yousem
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1542-1549; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6649
  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    Diagnostic Performance of PET and Perfusion-Weighted Imaging in Differentiating Tumor Recurrence or Progression from Radiation Necrosis in Posttreatment Gliomas: A Review of Literature
    N. Soni, M. Ora, N. Mohindra, Y. Menda and G. Bathla
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1550-1557; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6685
  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    Neuroimaging Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation: Review of Indications, Anatomy, and Brain Connectomics
    E.H. Middlebrooks, R.A. Domingo, T. Vivas-Buitrago, L. Okromelidze, T. Tsuboi, J.K. Wong, R.S. Eisinger, L. Almeida, M.R. Burns, A. Horn, R.J. Uitti, R.E. Wharen, V.M. Holanda and S.S. Grewal
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1558-1568; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6693

General Contents

  • EDITOR'S CHOICEAdult Brain
    Open Access
    Manganese-Enhanced MRI in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
    D.J. Suto, G. Nair, D.M. Sudarshana, S.U. Steele, J. Dwyer, E.S. Beck, J. Ohayon, H. McFarland, A.P. Koretsky, I.C.M. Cortese and D.S. Reich
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1569-1576; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6665

    Mangafodipir is a manganese chelate that was clinically approved for MR imaging of liver lesions. The authors present a case series of 6 adults with multiple sclerosis who were scanned at baseline with gadolinium, then injected with mangafodipir, and followed at variable time points. Fourteen new lesions formed during or shortly before the study, of which 10 demonstrated manganese enhancement of varying intensity, timing, and spatial pattern. One gadolinium-enhancing extra-axial mass, presumably a meningioma, also demonstrated enhancement with manganese. Manganese enhancement was detected in lesions that formed in the days after mangafodipir injection, and this enhancement persisted for several weeks. They conclude that multiple sclerosis lesions were enhanced with a temporal and spatial profile distinct from that of gadolinium.

  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    Disability Improvement Is Associated with Less Brain Atrophy Development in Multiple Sclerosis
    E. Ghione, N. Bergsland, M.G. Dwyer, J. Hagemeier, D. Jakimovski, D.P. Ramasamy, D. Hojnacki, A.A. Lizarraga, C. Kolb, S. Eckert, B. Weinstock-Guttman and R. Zivadinov
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1577-1583; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6684
  • Adult Brain
    You have access
    Patterning Chronic Active Demyelination in Slowly Expanding/Evolving White Matter MS Lesions
    C. Elliott, D.L. Arnold, H. Chen, C. Ke, L. Zhu, I. Chang, E. Cahir-McFarland, E. Fisher, B. Zhu, S. Gheuens, M. Scaramozza, V. Beynon, N. Franchimont, D.P. Bradley and S. Belachew
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1584-1591; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6742
  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    MRS as an Aid to Diagnose Malignant Transformation in Low-Grade Gliomas with Increasing Contrast Enhancement
    C.H. Toh, M. Castillo, K.-C. Wei and P.-Y. Chen
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1592-1598; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6688
  • Adult Brain
    You have access
    Thin-Section MR Imaging for Carotid Cavernous Fistula
    D. Kim, Y.J. Choi, Y. Song, S.R. Chung, J.H. Baek and J.H. Lee
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1599-1605; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6757
  • Adult Brain
    You have access
    Lack of Baseline Intracranial Aneurysm Wall Enhancement Predicts Future Stability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
    A.S. Larson, V.T. Lehman, G. Lanzino and W. Brinjikji
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1606-1610; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6690
  • Adult Brain
    You have access
    Assessment of Ischemic Volumes by Using Relative Filling Time Delay on CTP Source Image in Patients with Acute Stroke with Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusions
    W. Cao, Y. Ling, L. Yang, F. Wu, X. Cheng and Q. Dong
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1611-1617; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6718
  • EDITOR'S CHOICEAdult Brain
    Open Access
    Myelin and Axonal Damage in Normal-Appearing White Matter in Patients with Moyamoya Disease
    S. Hara, M. Hori, A. Hagiwara, Y. Tsurushima, Y. Tanaka, T. Maehara, S. Aoki and T. Nariai
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1618-1624; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6708

    Eighteen patients with Moyamoya disease (16–55 years of age) and 18 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated with myelin-sensitive MR imaging based on magnetization transfer saturation imaging and 2-shell diffusion MR imaging. The myelin volume fraction, which reflects the amount of myelin sheath; the g-ratio, which represents the ratio of the inner (axon) to the outer (axon plus myelin) diameter of the fiber; and the axon volume fraction, which reflects axonal components, were calculated and compared between the patients and controls. Compared with the healthy controls, the patients with Moyamoya disease showed a significant decrease in the myelin and axon volume fractions in many WM regions, while the increases in the g-ratio values were not statistically significant. Correlations with cognitive performance were most frequently observed with the axon volume fraction. The authors conclude that the relationship with cognitive performance might be stronger with axonal damage than with myelin damage.

  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    COVID-19 and Involvement of the Corpus Callosum: Potential Effect of the Cytokine Storm?
    C. Rasmussen, I. Niculescu, S. Patel and A. Krishnan
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1625-1628; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6680
  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    MR Susceptibility Imaging with a Short TE (MR-SISET): A Clinically Feasible Technique to Resolve Thalamic Nuclei
    S. Chung, P. Storey, T.M. Shepherd and Y.W. Lui
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1629-1631; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6683
  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    Neurovascular Complications in COVID-19 Infection: Case Series
    A.M. Franceschi, R. Arora, R. Wilson, L. Giliberto, R.B. Libman and M. Castillo
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1632-1640; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6655
  • Adult Brain
    Open Access
    Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Severe COVID-19 Infection: Sequela of Hypoxemia?
    M. Lang, K. Buch, M.D. Li, W.A. Mehan, A.L. Lang, T.M. Leslie-Mazwi and S.P. Rincon
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1641-1645; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6671
  • Commentary

    • Commentary
      Open Access
      Level of Evidence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Making the Case for Case Series and Case Reports
      I. Ikuta
      American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1646; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6676
  • Interventional
    You have access
    Emergent Premedication for Contrast Allergy Prior to Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
    D.A. Tonetti, S.M. Desai, A. Morrison, B.A. Gross, T.G. Jovin, B.T. Jankowitz and A.P. Jadhav
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1647-1651; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6720
  • Interventional
    You have access
    Shape Modification is Common in Woven EndoBridge–Treated Intracranial Aneurysms: A Longitudinal Quantitative Analysis Study
    J. Rosskopf, M. Braun, J. Dreyhaupt, M. Beer, B.L. Schmitz and Y. Ozpeynirci
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1652-1656; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6669
  • Interventional
    Open Access
    The Distribution and Role of M1 and M2 Macrophages in Aneurysm Healing after Platinum Coil Embolization
    Z. Khashim, D. Daying, D.Y. Hong, J.A. Ringler, S. Herting, D. Jakaitis, D. Maitland, D.F. Kallmes and R. Kadirvel
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1657-1662; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6719
  • Interventional
    You have access
    Fusion Image Guidance for Supra-Aortic Vessel Catheterization in Neurointerventions: A Feasibility Study
    A. Feddal, S. Escalard, F. Delvoye, R. Fahed, J.P. Desilles, K. Zuber, H. Redjem, J.S. Savatovsky, G. Ciccio, S. Smajda, M. Ben Maacha, M. Mazighi, M. Piotin and R. Blanc
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1663-1669; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6707
  • FELLOWS' JOURNAL CLUBInterventional
    You have access
    Predictors of Favorable Outcome after Endovascular Thrombectomy in MRI: Selected Patients with Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion
    M. Mahmoudi, C. Dargazanli, F. Cagnazzo, I. Derraz, C. Arquizan, A. Wacogne, J. Labreuche, A. Bonafe, D. Sablot, P.H. Lefevre, G. Gascou, N. Gaillard, C. Scott, V. Costalat and I. Mourand
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1670-1676; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6741

    The authors analyzed consecutive MR imaging–selected patients with acute basilar artery occlusions endovascularly treated within the first 24 hours after symptom onset. Successful and complete reperfusion was defined as modified TICI scores 2b–3 and 3, respectively. Outcome at 90 days was analyzed. One hundred ten patients were included. In 10 patients, endovascular treatment was aborted for failed proximal/distal access. Overall, successful reperfusion was achieved in 81.8% of cases. At 90 days, favorable outcome was 31.8%, with a mortality rate of 40.9%; the prevalence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 24 hours was 2.7%. The median time from symptom onset to groin puncture was 410 minutes. In this series of MR imaging–selected patients with acute basilar artery occlusions, complete reperfusion was the strongest predictor of a good outcome. Lower pretreatment NIHSS, the presence of posterior communicating artery collateral flow, the absence of atrial fibrillation, and intravenous thrombolysis administration were associated with favorable outcome.

  • Extracranial Vascular
    Open Access
    Intraluminal Carotid Artery Thrombus in COVID-19: Another Danger of Cytokine Storm?
    A.Y. Mohamud, B. Griffith, M. Rehman, D. Miller, A. Chebl, S.C. Patel, B. Howell, M. Kole and H. Marin
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1677-1682; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6674
  • FELLOWS' JOURNAL CLUBHead & Neck
    Open Access
    MRI Findings of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Induced Hypophysitis: Possible Association with Fibrosis
    R. Kurokawa, Y. Ota, W. Gonoi, A. Hagiwara, M. Kurokawa, H. Mori, E. Maeda, S. Amemiya, Y. Usui, N. Sato, Y. Nakata, T. Moritani and O. Abe
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1683-1689; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6692

    This retrospective international multicenter study comprised 20 patients with melanoma who were being treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and clinically diagnosed with immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced hypophysitis. Three radiologists evaluated the following MR imaging findings: enlargement of the pituitary gland and stalk; homogeneity of enhancement of the pituitary gland; presence/absence of a well-defined poorly enhanced area and, if present, its location, shape, and signal intensity in T2WI; and enhancement pattern in contrast-enhanced dynamic MR imaging. Enlargement of the pituitary gland and stalk was observed in 12 and 20 patients, respectively. Nineteen patients showed poorly enhanced lesions (geographic hypoenhancing lesions) in the anterior lobe, and 11 of these lesions showed hypointensity on T2WI. Thyrotropin deficiency and corticotropin deficiency were observed in 19/20 and 12/17 patients, respectively. The authors conclude that pituitary geographic hypoenhancing lesions in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland are characteristic and frequent MR imaging findings of immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced hypophysitis.

  • Head & Neck
    You have access
    A Simple Formula to Estimate Parathyroid Weight on 4D-CT, Predict Pathologic Weight, and Diagnose Parathyroid Adenoma in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism
    R. Yeh, Y.-K.D. Tay, L. Dercle, L. Bandeira, M.R. Parekh and J.P. Bilezikian
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1690-1697; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6687
  • Head & Neck
    You have access
    Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI-Based Morphometric Parameters for Detecting Olfactory Nerve Dysfunction
    M.K. Lee, J.H. Lee, J.H. Kim, H. Kim, L. Joo, M. Kim, S.J. Cho, C.H. Suh, S.R. Chung, Y.J. Choi and J.H. Baek
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1698-1702; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6697
  • Head & Neck
    Open Access
    Anosmia in COVID-19 Associated with Injury to the Olfactory Bulbs Evident on MRI
    M.F.V.V. Aragão, M.C. Leal, O.Q. Cartaxo Filho, T.M. Fonseca and M.M. Valença
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1703-1706; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6675
  • Head & Neck
    Open Access
    COVID-19–Associated Bifacial Weakness with Paresthesia Subtype of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
    K.L. Hutchins, J.H. Jansen, A.D. Comer, R.V. Scheer, G.S. Zahn, A.E. Capps, L.M. Weaver and N.A. Koontz
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1707-1711; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6654
  • Pediatrics
    You have access
    Internal Auditory Canal Diverticula among Pediatric Patients: Prevalence and Assessment for Hearing Loss and Anatomic Associations
    P.M. Bunch, M.E. Zapadka, C.M. Lack, E.P. Kiell, D.J. Kirse and J.R. Sachs
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1712-1717; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6691
  • EDITOR'S CHOICEPediatrics
    You have access
    Deep Learning for Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Detection and Classification: A Multi-Institutional Study
    J.L. Quon, W. Bala, L.C. Chen, J. Wright, L.H. Kim, M. Han, K. Shpanskaya, E.H. Lee, E. Tong, M. Iv, J. Seekins, M.P. Lungren, K.R.M. Braun, T.Y. Poussaint, S. Laughlin, M.D. Taylor, R.M. Lober, H. Vogel, P.G. Fisher, G.A. Grant, V. Ramaswamy, N.A. Vitanza, C.Y. Ho, M.S.B. Edwards, S.H. Cheshier and K.W. Yeom
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1718-1725; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6704

    This study cohort comprised 617 children (median age, 92 months; 56% males) from 5 pediatric institutions with posterior fossa tumors: diffuse midline glioma of the pons, medulloblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, and ependymoma. There were 199 controls. Tumor histology served as ground truth except for diffuse midline glioma of the pons, which was primarily diagnosed by MR imaging. A modified ResNeXt-50-32x4d architecture served as the backbone for a multitask classifier model, using T2-weighted MRI as input to detect the presence of tumor and predict tumor class. Model tumor detection accuracy exceeded an AUC of 0.99 and was similar to that of 4 radiologists. Model tumor classification accuracy was 92% with an F1 score of 0.80. The model was most accurate at predicting diffuse midline glioma of the pons, followed by pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma. Ependymoma prediction was the least accurate.

  • Pediatrics
    You have access
    Assessment of Maturational Changes in White Matter Anisotropy and Volume in Children: A DTI Study
    G. Coll, E. de Schlichting, L. Sakka, J.-M. Garcier, H. Peyre and J.-J. Lemaire
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1726-1732; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6709
  • FELLOWS' JOURNAL CLUBPediatrics
    You have access
    Focal Areas of High Signal Intensity in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Expected Evolution on MRI
    S. Calvez, R. Levy, R. Calvez, C.-J. Roux, D. Grévent, Y. Purcell, K. Beccaria, T. Blauwblomme, J. Grill, C. Dufour, F. Bourdeaut, F. Doz, M.P. Robert, N. Boddaert and V. Dangouloff-Ros
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1733-1739; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6740

    The authors retrospectively examined the MRI of children diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1 using the National Institutes of Health Consensus Criteria (1987), with imaging follow-up of at least 4 years. They recorded the number, size, and surface area of focal areas of high signal intensity according to their anatomic distribution on T2WI/T2-FLAIR sequences. A generalized mixed model was used to analyze the evolution of focal areas of high signal intensity according to age, and separate analyses were performed for girls and boys. Thirty-nine patients with a median follow-up of 7 years were analyzed. Focal areas of high signal intensity were found in 100% of patients, preferentially in the infratentorial white matter (35% cerebellum, 30% brain stem) and in the capsular lenticular region (22%). They measured 15mm in 95% of cases. The areas appeared from the age of 1 year; increased in number, size, and surface area to a peak at the age of 7; and then spontaneously regressed by 17 years of age. The authors conclude that the study suggests that the evolution of focal areas of high signal intensity is not related to puberty and has a peak at the age of 7 years.

  • Pediatrics
    You have access
    Neuroimaging Appearance of Cerebral Malignant Epithelioid Glioneuronal Tumors in Children
    G. Orman, S. Mohammed, H.D.B. Tran, F.Y. Lin, A. Meoded, N. Desai, T.A.G.M. Huisman and S.F. Kralik
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1740-1744; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6668
  • Spine
    Open Access
    The Evaluation and Prediction of Laminoplasty Surgery Outcome in Patients with Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy Using Diffusion Tensor MRI
    X. Han, X. Ma, D. Li, J. Wang, W. Jiang, X. Cheng, G. Li, H. Guo and W. Tian
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1745-1753; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6705
  • Spine
    You have access
    Respiratory Phase Affects the Conspicuity of CSF–Venous Fistulas in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
    T.J. Amrhein, L. Gray, M.D. Malinzak and P.G. Kranz
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1754-1756; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6663

35 Years Ago in AJNR

  • 35 Years Ago in AJNR
    You have access
    Celebrating 35 Years of the AJNR
    American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) 1757; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.P0101

Online Features

  • Letters

    • LETTER
      You have access
      Missed Medium-Vessel Occlusions on CT Angiography: Make It Easier … Easily!
      J.M. Ospel, W. Qiu and M. Goyal
      American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) E73-E74; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6670
    • LETTER
      You have access
      Reply:
      B.A. Fasen and R.M. Kwee
      American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) E75; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6700
    • LETTER
      Open Access
      CT Fluid-Blood Levels in COVID-19 Intracranial Hemorrhage
      N.K. Wee, E.B. Fan, K.C.H. Lee, Y.W. Chia and T.C.C. Lim
      American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) E76-E77; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6672
    • LETTER
      Open Access
      Neuro-Thoracic Radiologists “Corner”: Incidental Pulmonary Findings on a Neck MRI Leading to the Diagnosis of COVID-19
      P. Smith, M. Bilello and S. Mohan
      American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) E78-E79; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6699
    • LETTER
      You have access
      The Development of Subcortical Gray Matter Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: One Size Does Not Fit All
      G. Pontillo, M. Petracca, S. Cocozza and A. Brunetti
      American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) E80-E81; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6698
    • LETTER
      Open Access
      Possible Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection
      P.S. Utukuri, A. Bautista, A. Lignelli and G. Moonis
      American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) E82-E83; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6714
  • Erratum

    • Erratum
      You have access
      Erratum
      American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2020, 41 (9) E84; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6735
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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 41 (9)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 41, Issue 9
1 Sep 2020
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