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Review ArticleAdult Brain
Open Access

Glutamine Imaging: A New Avenue for Glioma Management

S. Ekici, J.A. Nye, S.G. Neill, J.W. Allen, H.-K. Shu and C.C. Fleischer
American Journal of Neuroradiology January 2022, 43 (1) 11-18; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7333
S. Ekici
aFrom the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.E., J.A.N., J.W.A., C.C.F.)
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J.A. Nye
aFrom the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.E., J.A.N., J.W.A., C.C.F.)
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S.G. Neill
bPathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.G.N.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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J.W. Allen
aFrom the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.E., J.A.N., J.W.A., C.C.F.)
dNeurology (J.W.A.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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H.-K. Shu
cRadiation Oncology (H.-K.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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C.C. Fleischer
aFrom the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.E., J.A.N., J.W.A., C.C.F.)
eWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.C.F.), Geogria Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract

SUMMARY: The glutamine pathway is emerging as an important marker of cancer prognosis and a target for new treatments. In gliomas, the most common type of brain tumors, metabolic reprogramming leads to abnormal consumption of glutamine as an energy source, and increased glutamine concentrations are associated with treatment resistance and proliferation. A key challenge in the development of glutamine-based biomarkers and therapies is the limited number of in vivo tools to noninvasively assess local glutamine metabolism and monitor its changes. In this review, we describe the importance of glutamine metabolism in gliomas and review the current landscape of translational and emerging imaging techniques to measure glutamine in the brain. These techniques include MRS, PET, SPECT, and preclinical methods such as fluorescence and mass spectrometry imaging. Finally, we discuss the roadblocks that must be overcome before incorporating glutamine into a personalized approach for glioma management.

ABBREVIATIONS:

ASCT2
alanine, serine, cysteine transporter 2
11C-Gln
5-11C-(2S)-glutamine
DMI
deuterium metabolic imaging
[18F]-FGln
4-[18F]-(2S,4R)-fluoroglutamine
2-HG
2-hydroxyglutarate
IDH
isocitrate dehydrogenase
MSI
mass spectrometry imaging
mTOR
mechanistic target of rapamycin
NMR
nuclear MR
PRESS
point-resolved spectroscopy
TCA
tricarboxylic acid
  • © 2022 by American Journal of Neuroradiology

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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 43 (1)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 43, Issue 1
1 Jan 2022
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Glutamine Imaging: A New Avenue for Glioma Management
S. Ekici, J.A. Nye, S.G. Neill, J.W. Allen, H.-K. Shu, C.C. Fleischer
American Journal of Neuroradiology Jan 2022, 43 (1) 11-18; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A7333

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Glutamine Imaging: A New Avenue for Glioma Management
S. Ekici, J.A. Nye, S.G. Neill, J.W. Allen, H.-K. Shu, C.C. Fleischer
American Journal of Neuroradiology Jan 2022, 43 (1) 11-18; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A7333
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