Abstract
SUMMARY: Originally described by Davis et al in 2013, 4D-Digital Subtraction Angiography (4D-DSA) has developed into a commercially available application of DSA in the angiography suite. 4D-DSA provides the user with 3D time-resolved images, allowing observation of a contrast bolus at any desired viewing angle through the vasculature and at any time point during the acquisition (any view at any time). 4D-DSA mitigates some limitations that are intrinsic to both 2D- and 3D-DSA images. The clinical applications for 4D-DSA include evaluations of AVMs and AVFs, intracranial aneurysms, and atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Recent advances in blood flow quantification using 4D-DSA indicate that these data provide both the velocity and geometric information necessary for the quantification of blood flow. In this review, we will discuss the development, acquisition, reconstruction, and current neurovascular applications of 4D-DSA volumes.
ABBREVIATION:
- TDC
- time-density curve
Footnotes
Disclosures: Sebastian Schafer—UNRELATED: Employment: Siemens Healthineers, Comments: I am a full-time employee. Michael A. Speidel—RELATED: Grant: National Institutes of Health, Siemens Healthineers, Comments: Partial financial support was received from National Institutes of Health grant No R01HL116567 and a sponsored research agreement with Siemens Healthineers*; UNRELATED: Grants/Grants Pending: Principal Investigator on National Institutes of Health grant No. R21EB023008 and a sponsored research agreement with Siemens Healthineers (both outside the scope of the present work)*; Patents (Planned, Pending or Issued): coinventor on US Patent 10,002,445 B2 related to 4D-DSA, and coinventor on 3 patents/patents pending that are outside the scope of the present work.* *Money paid to the institution.
- © 2020 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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