@article {Thompson167, author = {J R Thompson and P J Triolo and R J Moore and D B Hinshaw, Jr and A N Hasso}, title = {CT scanning phantom for normalization of infant brain attenuation.}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {167--170}, year = {1984}, publisher = {American Journal of Neuroradiology}, abstract = {The x-ray attenuation values of brain studied with computed tomography (CT) are strikingly affected by the ages of the subjects. Premature neonates, for example, may have brain attenuation values 20-30 H below adult values. These lower attenuation values for developing compared with adult brain can be ascribed partly to machine-related effects (beam-hardening, adult algorithms, scanning geometry, etc.). A scanning phantom made from aluminum was developed that can be used to develop a nomogram for any particular scanner from which normalized brain attenuation may be derived for any small head size. Using this nomogram, predicted neonatal attenuations are still 10-15 H higher than those actually observed in scanning neonates. The model predicts that, at the most, 3-4 H of this discrepancy can be accounted for by less beam-hardening from the lower bone attenuation of the thinner developing skull. Presumably, the rest is from a lower brain density in neonates (higher water content). By normalizing to cerebrospinal fluid (water) with special care to avoid partial-volume artifacts, one can predict attenuation values for developing brain more accurately.}, issn = {0195-6108}, URL = {https://www.ajnr.org/content/5/2/167}, eprint = {https://www.ajnr.org/content/5/2/167.full.pdf}, journal = {American Journal of Neuroradiology} }