RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 The Complex Spine in Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy: The Transforaminal Approach—A Transformative Technique JF American Journal of Neuroradiology JO Am. J. Neuroradiol. FD American Society of Neuroradiology DO 10.3174/ajnr.A6131 A1 R. Towbin A1 C. Schaefer A1 R. Kaye A1 T. Abruzzo A1 D.J. Aria YR 2019 UL http://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2019/07/11/ajnr.A6131.abstract AB BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spinal muscular atrophy, a genetic disease resulting in loss of motor function, presents from in utero to adulthood. Depending on progression and secondary scoliosis, spinal stabilization may be necessary. When planning intrathecal access in these patients, spinal anatomy is the most important factor. Therefore, when planning intrathecal nusinersen injections, we subdivided patients with spinal muscular atrophy into simple-versus-complex spine subgroups. Our purpose was to present our experience with our first 42 transforaminal intrathecal nusinersen injections.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 31 consecutive patients with spinal muscular atrophy types 1–3 who presented for intrathecal nusinersen injections from March 2017 to September 2018. Nine children had complex spines (ie, spinal instrumentation and/or fusion) and required preprocedural imaging for route planning for subarachnoid space access via transforaminal or cervical approaches.RESULTS: A total of 164 intrathecal nusinersen injections were performed in 31 children 4–226 months of age, with 100% technical success in accessing the subarachnoid space. Nine patients with complex spinal anatomy underwent 45 intrathecal nusinersen injections; 42 of 45 procedures were performed via a transforaminal approach with the remaining 3 via cervical techniques. There were no complications.CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience has resulted in a protocol-driven approach based on simple or complex spinal anatomy. Patients with simple spines do not need preprocedural imaging or imaging-guided intrathecal nusinersen injections. In contrast, the complex spine subgroup requires preprocedural imaging for route planning and imaging guidance for therapy, with the primary approach being the transforaminal approach for intrathecal nusinersen injections.ITNIintrathecal nusinersen injectionSMAspinal muscular atrophyTFtransforaminal