RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Neuroimaging Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation: Review of Indications, Anatomy, and Brain Connectomics JF American Journal of Neuroradiology JO Am. J. Neuroradiol. FD American Society of Neuroradiology DO 10.3174/ajnr.A6693 A1 E.H. Middlebrooks A1 R.A. Domingo A1 T. Vivas-Buitrago A1 L. Okromelidze A1 T. Tsuboi A1 J.K. Wong A1 R.S. Eisinger A1 L. Almeida A1 M.R. Burns A1 A. Horn A1 R.J. Uitti A1 R.E. Wharen, Jr A1 V.M. Holanda A1 S.S. Grewal YR 2020 UL http://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2020/08/13/ajnr.A6693.abstract AB SUMMARY: Deep brain stimulation is an established therapy for multiple brain disorders, with rapidly expanding potential indications. Neuroimaging has advanced the field of deep brain stimulation through improvements in delineation of anatomy, and, more recently, application of brain connectomics. Older lesion-derived, localizationist theories of these conditions have evolved to newer, network-based “circuitopathies,” aided by the ability to directly assess these brain circuits in vivo through the use of advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as diffusion tractography and fMRI. In this review, we use a combination of ultra-high-field MR imaging and diffusion tractography to highlight relevant anatomy for the currently approved indications for deep brain stimulation in the United States: essential tremor, Parkinson disease, drug-resistant epilepsy, dystonia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We also review the literature regarding the use of fMRI and diffusion tractography in understanding the role of deep brain stimulation in these disorders, as well as their potential use in both surgical targeting and device programming.ALansa lenticularisALICanterior limb of the internal capsuleANTanterior nucleus of the thalamusASansa subthalamicaATRanterior thalamic radiationsDBSdeep brain stimulationDRTTdentatorubrothalamic tractETessential tremorFGATIRfast gray matter acquisition T1 inversion recoveryFLfasciculus lenticularisFSfasciculus subthalamicusGPeglobus pallidus externusGPiglobus pallidus internusMFBmedial forebrain bundleMMTmammillothalamic tractOCDobsessive-compulsive disorderPDParkinson diseaseslMFBsuperolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundleSTNsubthalamicTFthalamic fasciculusVIMventral intermedius nucleusVOventralis oralisZIzona incerta