Mean operator exposure measurements during kyphoplasty (KP), vertebroplasty with a CDS (VP-CDS), and vertebroplasty with syringes (VP-S)
| KP | VP-CDS | VP-S | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Needle/device placement | 4.1 ± 5.5 | 4.7 ± 4.6 | 1.25 ± 1.3 |
| 95% CI | 2.9–5.2 | 3.7–5.8 | 0.6–1.9 |
| Cement delivery | 4.5 ± 11.8 | 10.7 ± 10.8 | 0.45 ± 0.94 |
| 95% CI | 2.1–7.1 | 8.3–13.1 | 0.01–0.9 |
| Total exposure | 8.6 ± 13.9 | 15.4 ± 13.3 | 1.7 ± 1.9 |
| 95% CI | 5.7–11.6 | 12.5–18.4 | 0.8–2.6 |
Note:—Measurements (μSv) include means ± SD.