Table 1:

Study description

StudyClinical SubgroupStart/End YearNo. of PatientsReference Standard(s)MetabolitesDiagnostic Categorization*VoxelsTR (ms)TEPulse Sequence
Ando et al, 200422Residual-recurrent/necrosisUnclear20Biopsy/resection, clinical & radiologic follow-upCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, LipQuantitativeSingle1500270Unclear
Astrakas et al, 200428Tumor gradingUnclear66Biopsy/resectionCho, Cr, NAA, Lip, LacQuantitativeMultiple100065PRESS
Devos et al, 20049Tumor grading, primary/metUnclear205Biopsy/resectionComplete spectrumAutomatedSingle1600, 2000, 2018, 202020, 30, 31, 32STEAM and PRESS
Fountas et al, 200410Tumor grading2000/200171Biopsy/resectionCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, Lip, mIns/GlyQuantitativeSingle1600135PRESS
Gajewicz et al, 200323Tumor/tumorlike; tumor grading, primary/metUnclear29Biopsy/resectionCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, Lip, mIns/Gly, Glx, AlaAutomatedSingle200020, 136STEAM and PRESS
Herminghaus et al, 200311Tumor gradingUnclear94Biopsy/resectionCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, LipAutomatedSingle1500135PRESS
Huang et al, 200312Tumor gradingUnclear41 + 11 (test set)Biopsy/resectionComplete spectrumAutomatedSingle1600135PRESS
Law et al, 200313Tumor grading1999/2002160Biopsy/resectionCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, LipQuantitativeMultiple1500144PRESS
Lichy et al, 200429Residual-recurrent/necrosisUnclear24Clinical and radiologic follow-upCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, LipQuantitativeMultiple1500135PRESS
Lukas et al, 200424Tumor gradingUnclear183Biopsy/resectionComplete spectrumAutomatedSingle1500–2020135 or 136PRESS
Majos et al, 200214Tumor grading, primary/metUnclear95 + 24 (test set)Biopsy/resectionCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, Lip, mIns/Gly, Glx, AlaQuantitativeSingle2000136PRESS
Majos et al, 200316Tumor grading, primary/metUnclear108 + 25 (test set)Biopsy/resection, clinical and radiologic follow-upCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, Lip, mIns/Gly, Glx, AlaQuantitativeSingle2000136PRESS
Majos et al, 200315Tumor grading, primary/metUnclear130Biopsy/resection, clinical and radiologic follow-upCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, Lip, Glx, AlaQuantitativeSingle2000136PRESS
Majos et al, 200430Tumor grading1998/2003151Biopsy/resection, clinical and radiologic follow-upCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, Lip, Glx, Ala, mIns/GlyAutomatedSingle2000136 and 30PRESS
McKnight et al, 200217Tumor extentUnclear44 (100 biopsies)Biopsy/resectionCho, NAAQuantitativeMultiple1000144PRESS
Mishra et al, 200418Tumor/tumorlikeUnclear52Biopsy/resectionCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, Lip, mIns/Gly, Ala, Suc, AceQualitativeSingle3000144Unclear
Moller-Hartmann et al, 200219Tumor/tumorlike; tumor grading, primary/metUnclear176Biopsy/resection, clinical and radiologic follow-up, CSF and laboratory testsCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, LipQualitativeSingle1500135PRESS
Nafe et al, 200320Tumor gradingUnclear46Biopsy/resectionCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, LipAutomatedSingle1500135PRESS
Opstad et al, 200425Primary/metUnclear47Biopsy/resectionCho, Cr, NAA, Lac, Lip, mIns/Gly, Glx, OthersQuantitativeSingle200030STEAM or PRESS
Plotkin et al, 200426Residual-recurrent/necrosisUnclear25Clinical and radiologic follow-upCho, Cr, NAAQuantitativeSingle600030PRESS
Tate et al, 200321Tumor grading, primary/metUnclear144Biopsy/resectionComplete spectrumAutomatedSingle2000, 160030 or 20STEAM or PRESS
Traber et al, 200227Residual-recurrent/necrosisUnclear54Biopsy/resection, clinical and radiologic follow-upCho, Cr, NAA, LacQuantitativeMultiple2000272Unclear

  • Note:—TR indicates repetition time; TE, echo time; Ala, alanine; Cho, choline; Cr, creatine; Gly, glycine; Glx, glutamate and glutamine; Lac, lactate; Lip, lipids; mIns, myo-inositol; NAA, N-acetylaspartate; Suc, succinate; PRESS, point-resolved spectroscopy sequence; STEAM, stimulated echo acquisition mode; primary/met, metastasis versus high grade tumor; Ace, acetate.

  • * Authors who made diagnostic classifications based on visualizing the spectra are categorized as “qualitative”; authors who present specific ratios or threshold values for distinguishing lesions are categorized as “quantitative”; authors who used statistical modeling, such as linear discriminant analysis, are categorized as “automated”.