Table 2:

Etiology of back pain in children and adolescents

Back Pain
Traumatic Spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis Vertebral column fractures Disk herniation Intraspinal hematoma Spinal cord injury Musculoskeletal Scheuermann disease Scoliosis Intervertebral disk degeneration Intervertebral disk herniation Intervertebral disk calcification Nonspecific musculoskeletal back pain Infectious Diskitis Vertebral osteomyelitis Epidural abscess Sacroiliac joint infection Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis Nonspinal infection Pyelonephritis Pneumonia Pelvic inflammatory disease Paraspinal muscle abscess Inflammatory Ankylosing spondylitis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Reactive arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease−associated arthritis Neoplastic disorders Spinal column Primary neoplasms Osteoid osteoma Osteoblastoma Aneurysmal bone cyst Giant cell tumor Chordoma Osteogenic sarcoma Ewing sarcoma Osteochondroma Histiocytosis Secondary neoplasms Leukemia Lymphoma Neuroblastoma Metastatic disease Spinal cord Intramedullary Astrocytoma Ependymoma Ganglioglioma Gangliocytoma Extradural tumors Neuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Ganglioneuroma Lymphoma Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor Intradural-extramedullary Schwannoma Neurofibroma Meningioma CSF dissemination of intracranial neoplasms Congenital Syringomyelia Tethered cord syndrome Other Sickle cell pain crisis Cholecystitis Chronic pain syndromes Osteopo

Back Pain

Traumatic
1. Spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis
2. Vertebral column fractures
3. Disk herniation
4. Intraspinal hematoma
5. Spinal cord injury
Musculoskeletal
1. Scheuermann disease
2. Scoliosis
3. Intervertebral disk degeneration
4. Intervertebral disk herniation
5. Intervertebral disk calcification
6. Nonspecific musculoskeletal back pain
Infectious
1. Diskitis
2. Vertebral osteomyelitis
3. Epidural abscess
4. Sacroiliac joint infection
5. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis
6. Nonspinal infection
  1. Pyelonephritis
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Pelvic inflammatory disease
  4. Paraspinal muscle abscess
Inflammatory
1. Ankylosing spondylitis
2. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
3. Arthritis
  1. Psoriatic arthritis
  2. Reactive arthritis
  3. Inflammatory bowel disease−associated arthritis
Neoplastic disorders
1. Spinal column
  1. Primary neoplasms
    1. Osteoid osteoma
    2. Osteoblastoma
    3. Aneurysmal bone cyst
    4. Giant cell tumor
    5. Chordoma
    6. Osteogenic sarcoma
    7. Ewing sarcoma
    8. Osteochondroma
    9. Histiocytosis
  2. Secondary neoplasms
    1. Leukemia
    2. Lymphoma
    3. Neuroblastoma
    4. Metastatic disease
2. Spinal cord
  1. Intramedullary
    1. Astrocytoma
    2. Ependymoma
    3. Ganglioglioma
    4. Gangliocytoma
  2. Extradural tumors
    1. Neuroblastoma
    2. Ganglioneuroblastoma
    3. Ganglioneuroma
    4. Lymphoma
    5. Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor
  3. Intradural-extramedullary
    1. Schwannoma
    2. Neurofibroma
    3. Meningioma
    4. CSF dissemination of intracranial neoplasms
Congenital
1. Syringomyelia
2. Tethered cord syndrome
Other
1. Sickle cell pain crisis
2. Cholecystitis
3. Chronic pain syndromes
4. Osteopo