Review of the literature: presentation, diagnostic imaging, and outcome of internal cerebral venous thrombosis
| Author | Patients (No.) | Signs and Symptoms | Thrombosed Veins | Diagnostic Imaging/Validation | Location of Lesions | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johnsen et al 1973 (27) | 2 infants | V, fever, diarrhea | ICV, SS, VG | autopsia | TT, BG, HT hemorrhage | Death |
| V, lethargy | ICV, VG, SS | CA | −TT, hydroceph | Residual deficits | ||
| Yoshii et al 1978 (9) | 1 | −HA, fever, DC, coma | DCV, VG, SS | NECT, CA | −ventricular dilatation | n.a. |
| Forsting et al 1989 (6) | 1 | HA, BA, DM, HP | ICV, VG, SS, RTV | NECT, MRI | −unilateral, then TT | Almost recovery |
| Haley et al 1989 (10) | 1 | HA, NV, confusion | ICV, VG, SS | NECT, CA | −TT | Mnestic deficits |
| DM, amnesia | ||||||
| Erbguth et al 1991 (8) | 3 | A, DC, HP | ICV, SS | NECT, CA | −TT, BG | Residual deficit |
| A, DC, hemianopsia | ICV, VG, SS, SSS | NECT, MRI | −TT, hemorrhage | Recovery | ||
| n.a. | VG, SS | −LT hemorrhage | Recovery | |||
| Bell et al 1994 (1) | 3 | Confusion | DCV, DS | MRI, MRA | −TT | Residual deficits |
| Confusion | DCV, DS | MRI, MRA | −TT, BG | Recovery | ||
| Coma, seizure | DCV | MRI, MRA, CA | −TT, BG | Death | ||
| Crawford et al 1995 (2) | 7 | −HA, NV; | −ICV, VG, SS | NECT, MRI, CA | −TT, hydroceph | Severe disability |
| −HA; NV, DC | −ICV, VG, SS, SSS | NECT,autopsy | n.a. | Death | ||
| −HA; NV, DM | −ICV, VG, SS, SSS | autopsy | n.a. | Death | ||
| −HA, fever, DM | −ICV, VG, SS, SSS, TS | NECT,MRI,CA | −TT | Severe disability | ||
| −HA, NV | −ICV, VG, SS | MRI, MRA | −TT, BG | Stable | ||
| −Seizures | −ICV, VG, SS, SSS | NECT,MRI,MRA | −TT | Seizures controlled | ||
| −HA, NV, DM | −ICV, VG, SS, SSS | NECT,MRI,MRA | −TT, BG | Death | ||
| Wang et al 1995 (29) | 1 | Confusion, seizure, BA | SSS, DCV | MRI, CA | −TT, BG, hemorrhage | n.a. |
| Förderreuther et al 1997 (7) | 1 | Amnesia | DCV, VG, SS | NECT, MRI, CA | −TT | Recovery |
| Gerszten et al 1997 (12) | 1 | NV, HA, HP, BA | ICV, SS, RTS | NECT, MRI, MRA | −TT, BG, LT hemorrhage | Discrete neurol deficit |
| Magni et al 1998 (13) | 2 | HA, NV, HP | DCV, SS | NECT, MRI, CA | −TT, BG mesencephalic | Death |
| HA, N, BA; DM | DCV, VG, SS, LS | NECT, MRI, MRA | −TT | Recovery | ||
| Rousseaux et al 1998 (5) | 1 | Amnesic syndrome, dystonia | SS, LICV | n.a. | LT, striatocapsular | Residual deficit in verbal recall |
Note.—symptoms: HA, headache; N, nausea; V, vomiting; HP, hemiparesis; BA, behavioral anomalies; DM, decline in mental status; DC, decline in consciousness; A, aphasia. Veins: DCV, deep cerebral veins; ICV, internal cerebral vein; LICV, left internal cerebral vein; VG, vein of Galen; SS, straight sinus; LS, lateral sinus; (R)TS, (right) transverse sinus; SSS, superior sagittal sinus. Imaging: NECT, nonenhanced CT; CA, conventional angiography; MRI(A), MR imaging (angiography). Locations: LT, left thalamus; RT, right thalamus; TT, both thalami; BG, basal ganglia; HT, hypothalamus; hemorrh., hemorrhagic transformation; hydroc., hydrocephalus; n.a., data not available.