Clinical results at baseline and follow-up in PD and control samplesa
| Baseline | Follow-Up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD (n = 89) | Control (n = 55) | P Valueb | PD (n = 89) | Control (n = 55) | P Value | |
| Age (yr) | 62.0 ± 8.7 | 58.4 ± 11.1 | <.05 | 63.0 ± 8.7 | 59.4 ± 11.1 | <.05 |
| Sex (male/female) | 62/27 | 33/22 | .234 | 62/27 | 33/22 | .234 |
| Education (yr) | 15.2 ± 2.9 | 15.4 ± 2.9 | .62 | 15.2 ± 2.9 | 15.4 ± 2.9 | .62 |
| Total intracranial volume (mL) | 1570.2 ± 143.5 | 1,505.9 ± 142.3 | .01 | 1,560.2 ± 143.1 | 1,515.3 ± 140.9 | .057 |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | 1.6 ± 0.5 | – | – | 1.8 ± 0.5 | – | – |
| MDS-UPDRS Part IIIc | 21.9 ± 9.1 | 0.55 ± 1.33 | <.001 | 23.0 ± 10.0 | 0.82 ± 1.44 | <.001 |
| Dose of levodopa-equivalent medication (mg/day)d | – | – | – | 409.8 ± 369.3 | – | – |
| Benton Judgment of Line Orientation score | 12.7 ± 2.2 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | .099 | 12.53 ± 2.2 | 12.6 ± 2.5 | .146 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale | 2.7 ± 2.9 | 1.5 ± 3.0 | <.05 | 2.8 ± 3.0 | 1.4 ± 2.5 | <.05 |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessmente | 27.5 ± 2.0 | 28.4 ± 1.2 | .001 | 26.2 ± 2.9 | 27.6 ± 2.0 | 0.002 |
| Semantic Fluency total score | 48.7 ± 9.8 | 52.4 ± 11.6 | <.05 | 48.2 ± 10.3 | 53.7 ± 11.6 | <.05 |
| HVLT Delayed Recognition False Alarms | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 1.9 | .958 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.7 | .943 |
| HVLT Delayed Recognition hits | 11.5 ± 0.8 | 11.2 ± 1.0 | <.05 | 11.5 ± 0.8 | 11.0 ± 1.6 | <.05 |
| HVLT Immediate Recall | 26.4 ± 4.7 | 24.3 ± 5.4 | <.05 | 27.2 ± 4.4 | 23.3 ± 6.1 | <.001 |
| Modified Schwab and England ADL | 94.7 ± 5.4 | – | – | 91.8 ± 6.8 | – | – |
| Symbol Digit Modalities score | 40.9 ± 9.9 | 48.9 ± 11.20 | <.001 | 39.6 ± 11.2 | 47.1 ± 10.0 | <.001 |
| UPSIT | 21.1 ± 9.0 | 33.2 ± 4.9 | <.001 | – | – | – |
| SCOPA-AUT | 9.2 ± 6.4 | 6.9 ± 4.4 | <.001 | 11.9 ± 6.4 | 7.6 ± 5.8 | <.001 |
Note:—MDS-UPDRS indicates Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test; ADL, Activities of Daily Living; UPSIT, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; SCOPA-AUT, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease–Autonomic; –, no value.
↵a Values are expressed as mean (SD).
↵b P values were derived from the Student t-test comparing the 2 groups except for “Sex,” which was derived using the χ2 test.
↵c MDS-UPDRS III was performed in the off-state at follow-up.
↵d There were 83.15 % of patients with PD who were on dopaminergic therapy at 1-year follow-up.
↵e Significant score decrease in the follow-up both for patients with PD and healthy controls compared with baseline (P < .05).