High-intensity continuous application | Thermal → coagulative necrosis | Thalamotomy: essential tremor,11 chronic |
neuropathic pain,13 obsessive- |
compulsive disorder36 |
Pallidotomy: Parkinson disease12 |
Solid tumor ablation14 |
High-intensity pulsed application | Oscillation of ultrasound “microbubble” contrast agents | Enhanced agent CNS delivery22 |
Thermal → regional hyperthermia | Enhanced chemotherapy/radiotherapy37 |
Mechanical → radiation force–induced displacements | Induction of microglial activation27 |
Sonothrombolysis in ischemic stroke38 |
Intracranial hematoma evacuation39 |
Low-intensity pulsed application | Mechanical → activation/inhibition of Na+ and Ca2+-gated ion channels | Noninvasive neuromodulation33,34 |