Lesion and volumetric MRI findings in healthy controls and patients with MS, first considered as a whole and then divided into patients who are cognitively preserved and cognitively impaired
| HC | MS | Pa | Cognitively Preserved Patients | Cognitively Impaired Patients | Pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2 LV (mL) (SD) | NA | 10.6 (13.9) | NA | 7.1 (9.6) | 16.5 (17.8) | .01 |
| T1 LV (mL) (SD) | NA | 5.5 (5.8) | NA | 3.6 (3.5) | 8.7 (7.6) | .01 |
| DIR LV (mL) (SD) | NA | 0.4 (0.7) | NA | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.4 (0.4) | .4 |
| Median CL (No.) (range) | NA | 3 (0–33) | NA | 2.0 (0–33) | 6.0 (1–16) | .5b |
| Median pure CL (No.) (range) | NA | 1 (0–14) | NA | 0.5 (0–14) | 1.5 (0–11) | .8b |
| Median mixed CL (No.) (range) | NA | 2 (0–19) | NA | 1.0 (0–19) | 4.0 (0–9) | .9b |
| NBV (mL) (SD) | 1533 (79) | 1436 (145) | <.001 | 1460 (98) | 1395 (113) | .006 |
| NGMV (mL) (SD) | 826 (56) | 776 (67) | .0002 | 793 (68) | 748 (57) | .02 |
| NCGMV (mL) (SD) | 638 (48) | 599 (53) | .0004 | 612 (55) | 578 (43) | .02 |
| NWMV (mL) (SD) | 706 (40) | 659 (68) | <.001 | 667 (54) | 645 (88) | .03 |
| Total normalized deep GM volume (mL) (SD) | 28.1 (1.7) | 24.7 (3.1) | <.001 | 25.8 (2.4) | 23.0 (3.5) | <.001 |
| Average normalized thalamus volume (mL) (SD) | 11.1 (0.7) | 9.7 (1.3) | <.001 | 10.1 (1.0) | 9.0 (1.4) | .0007 |
| Average normalized caudate volume (mL) (SD) | 5.0 (0.5) | 4.4 (0.7) | <.001 | 4.5 (0.6) | 4.1 (0.7) | .02 |
| Average normalized putamen volume (mL) (SD) | 6.8 (0.6) | 6.1 (0.9) | <.001 | 6.5 (0.7) | 5.5 (0.9) | <.001 |
| Average normalized pallidum volume (mL) (SD) | 2.5 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.2) | <.001 | 2.3 (0.1) | 2.1 (0.3) | .05 |
| Average normalized hippocampus volume (mL) (SD) | 5.3 (0.4) | 4.8 (0.6) | <.001 | 5.0 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.7) | .004 |
| Average normalized amygdala volume (mL) (SD) | 1.8 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.3) | .001 | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.3) | .05 |
| Average normalized accumbens volume (mL) (SD) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | .004 | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | .01 |
Note:—NA indicates not applicable; NBV, normalized brain volume; NGMV, normalized GM volume; NCGMV, normalized cortical GM volume; NWMV, normalized WM volume.
↵a Age- and site-adjusted linear mixed-effect model with random intercept for recruitment site.
↵b Age-adjusted negative binomial mixed-effect model with random intercept for recruitment site (false discovery rate–corrected).