Participant demographics and cognitive performance^{^a}

	Controls	Patients	P Value
Age (yr)	47.51 ± 10.09	49.08 ± 10.03	.53
Sex	18 F, 9 M	27 F, 13 M	.94
Education (yr)	17.37 ± 3.87	13.66 ± 2.05	<.001
Median Expanded Disability Status Scale score (range)	NA	5.25 (2.0–9.0)	NA
Mean disease duration	NA	14.90 ± 8.91 years	NA
Disease-modifying therapy	NA	None: n = 22; glatiramer acetate: n = 12; interferon β-1a: n = 6	NA
Lesion load	NA	6.23 ± 8.78 mL	NA
SRT immediate recall	56.15 ± 6.20	44.40 ± 10.77	<.001
SRT continuous long-term retrieval	42.63 ± 12.12	23.00 ± 14.66	<.001
SRT delayed recall	9.11 ± 2.10	6.70 ± 2.69	<.001
SPART immediate recall	20.37 ± 5.10	20.25 ± 5.20	.90
SPART delayed recall	7.11 ± 2.55	6.98 ± 2.39	.76
SDMT	58.74 ± 10.52	49.56 ± 16.08	.02
PASAT 3-second^{^b}	49.04 ± 8.51	43.94 ± 11.73	.55
PASAT 2-second^{^c}	36.52 ± 8.62	32.15 ± 10.78	.49
Phonemic fluency (word list generation)	30.52 ± 6.94	27.28 ± 8.57	.25

Note:—NA indicates not applicable.
↵a Group comparisons in cognition are education-adjusted. Data are means unless otherwise indicated.
↵b Available from 35 patients with MS and 26 controls.
↵c Available from 34 patients with MS and 25 controls.