Skull base fractures: petrous and basilar fractures | DAI |
Any cervical spine fractures | Complex facial fractures with midface instability |
Cervical spine injury (cord, vertebral body, or ligaments) | Combined significant head and chest trauma |
Soft-tissue injury to anterior neck with swelling/ecchymosis/hematoma/or bruit | Near-hanging |
Significant neurologic deficit: lateralizing neurologic deficit, TIA, Horner syndrome | Seat belt abrasions on neck |
Evidence of brain infarct on CT | Other unexplained neurologic deficits: vertigo, tinnitus, or GCS ≤6 |