Intermodality discrepancy in residual/recurrent dural arteriovenous fistula detection and classificationa
| Location | Pretreatment Grading | 4D-MRA/DSA Interval (Days) | DSA Grading | 4D-MRA Consensus Grading | 4D-MRA Reader Disagreement (Yes/No) | Year | 4D-MRA Consensus Quality Score | Possible Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasagittal right | III | 65 | IV | 0 | No | 2010 | 3 | Confusion between occipital artery and a cortical vein |
| Cavernous sinus right | III | 59 | III | 0 | No | 2015 | 2 | Cortical vein visible but missed by 4D-MRA readers |
| Transverse sinus left | IIb | 112 | I | 0 | No | 2017 | 2 | Artery and vein overlay |
| SSS | IIb | 129 | 0 | IIa + b | No | 2012 | 3 | Early drainage due to a meningioma |
| Cavernous sinus left | III | 0 | III | 0 | No | 2015 | 3 | Cortical vein visible but missed by 4D-MRA readers |
| Posterior fossa right | IV | 43 | III | 0 | No | 2009 | 3 | Early opacification of all dural sinuses; shunt missed due to misinterpretation of time sequence in 4D-MRA |
| Sigmoid sinus left | III | 2 | IIa | 0 | No | 2011 | 2 | Cortical vein visible but missed by 4D-MRA readers |
| Medulla | V | 3 | V | 0 | Yes (III/0) | 2011 | 3 | Not visible in the FOV |
| Parieto-occipital left | III | 85 | III | 0 | No | 2018 | 2 | Cortical vein visible but missed by 4D-MRA readers |
Note:—SSS indicates superior sagittal sinus.
↵a Grading according to Cognard et al.5