Skip to main content
Log in

Endovaskuläre Behandlung intrakranieller Stenosen

Eine gemeinsame Stellungnahme von Neurologen und Neuroradiologen

Endovascular treatment for intracranial stenoses

Acommon statement by neurologists and neuroradiologists

  • Übersicht
  • Published:
Der Nervenarzt Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Intrakranielle Stenosen verursachen 5–10% der Schlaganfälle und werden mit zunehmender Häufigkeit mittels moderner bildgebender Verfahren detektiert. Das Schlaganfallrisko symptomatischer Stenosen im Spontanverlauf unter konservativer Behandlung liegt mit Werten um 10% pro Jahr relativ hoch. Die Behandlung mit Marcumar führt zu erhöhten Blutungsrisiken, so dass in der Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer bevorzugt werden sollten. Eine kleinere Gruppe von Patienten mit unter medikamentöser antithrombotischer Therapie rezidivierend symptomatischen oder einmalig symptomatischen hämodynamisch relevanten Stenosen ohne adäquate Kollateralversorgung hat möglicherweise ein noch höheres Schlaganfallrisiko im Spontanverlauf, so dass für diese Patienten eine endovaskuläre Behandlung eine Therapieoption darstellt, die aber mit einem bis zu 10%igen prozeduralen Risiko verbunden ist. Ein Problem der nur mit kleinen Fallzahlen angewandten neuartigen Methode sind die für einen prophylaktischen Eingriff relativ hohen Komplikationsraten. Infarkte durch Verschlüsse der aus dem stenosierten Segment abgehenden perforierenden Äste und Blutungskomplikationen stehen dabei im Vordergrund. Nach erfolgreich durchgeführter Intervention sind die Schlaganfallraten im Verlauf nach den bisherigen Daten niedrig. Die Rate an hochgradigen und eventuell erneut interventionsbedürftigen Restenosen beträgt etwa 10%. Verbesserungen der Methode zielen auf die Verringerung des Gefäßwandtraumas bei der Ballonangioplastie durch bewusste Unterdilatation oder die Verwendung von selbstexpandierenden Stents. Solange die Komplikationsraten nicht zuverlässig in einen Bereich von 5–6% gesenkt werden können, kommt die interventionelle Behandlung nur mit strenger Indikationsstellung bei Patienten ohne therapeutische Alternative in Betracht. Angesichts der bisherigen spärlichen Daten mit großer Streubreite zwischen den einzelnen Studien wird ein multizentrisches prospektives Register zur weiteren Evaluation und Entwicklung der Methode angeregt.

Summary

Intracranial stenoses cause 5–10% of all strokes and are increasingly detected by means of modern imaging methods. The stroke danger of high-grade symptomatic stenoses is relatively high, with an annual risk of approximately 10% under medical treatment. Coumadin increases the risk of hemorrhage, and after risk/benefit considerations, antiplatelets should be preferred for antithrombotic therapy. Despite optimized medical treatment, a small group of patients with recurrent symptoms or symptomatic stenoses without adequate collateral supply probably carry higher spontaneous stroke risk and may be considered for intracranial stenting, which itself is associated with procedural risks of up to 10%. Currently published case series show relatively high complication rates as a major drawback of endovascular treatment, mainly strokes after occlusion of perforating branches extending from the stenotic vessel segment or hemorrhagic complications. According to data from smaller feasibility studies, stroke rates in follow-up after successful stenting seem to be low. The average rate of high-grade restenosis with possible indication for reintervention is 10%. Improvements in endovascular treatment aim at reducing vessel wall trauma during balloon angioplasty by underdilatation or the use of self-expanding stents. Until complication rates are dependably reduced to values of 5–6%, indication for endovascular treatment should be restricted to patients without therapeutic alternatives. According to limited data with large variation between different studies, a prospective multicentric registry is proposed for systematic evaluation and further development of the method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
Abb. 5

Literatur

  1. Abou-Chebl A, Bashir Q, Yadav JS (2005) Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis: initial experience and midterm angiographic follow-up. Stroke 36:e165–e168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Akins PT, Pilgram TK, Cross DT 3rd et al. (1998) Natural history of stenosis from intracranial atherosclerosis by serial angiography. Stroke 29:433–438

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Arenillas JF, Molina CA, Montaner J et al. (2001) Progression and clinical recurrence of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis: a long-term follow-up transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. Stroke 32:2898–2904

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Auguadro C, Manfredi M, Scalise F et al. (2006) Protective role of chronic statin therapy in reducing myocardial damage during percutaneous coronary intervention. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 7:416–421

    Google Scholar 

  5. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM et al. (2005) Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 366:1267–1278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bang OY, Kim JW, Lee JH et al. (2005) Association of the metabolic syndrome with intracranial atherosclerotic stroke. Neurology 65:296–298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bogousslavsky J, Barnett HJ, Fox AJ et al. (1986) Atherosclerotic disease of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke 17:1112–1120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H et al. (2005) Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 352:1305–1316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chow MM, Masaryk TJ, Woo HH et al. (2005) Stent-assisted angioplasty of intracranial vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis: midterm analysis of clinical and radiologic predictors of neurological morbidity and mortality. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:869–874

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Connors JJ (1998) Intracranial angioplasty. In: Connors JJ, Wojak JC (eds) Interventional neuroradiology. Strategies and practical techniques. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 500–554

  11. Connors JJ 3rd, Wojak JC (1999) Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic lesions: evolution of technique and short-term results. J Neurosurg 91:415–423

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hartmann M, Jansen O (2005) Angioplasty and stenting of intracranial stenosis. Curr Opin Neurol 18:39–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jiang WJ, Wang YJ, Du B, Wang SX et al. (2004) Stenting of symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery: an initial experience of 40 patients. Stroke 35:1375–1380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ et al. (2006) Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation 113:555–563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kern R, Steinke W, Daffertshofer M et al. (2005) Stroke recurrences in patients with symptomatic vs. asymptomatic middle cerebral artery disease. Neurology 65:859–886

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kim DJ, Lee BH, Kim DI et al. (2005) Stent-assisted angioplasty of symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar artery stenosis: feasibility and follow-up results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:1381–1388

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kremer C, Schaettin T, Georgiadis D et al. (2004) Prognosis of asymptomatic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:1300–1303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kwon SU, Cho YJ, Koo JS et al. (2005) Cilostazol prevents the progression of the symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: the multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of cilostazol in symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Stroke 36:782–786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lee TH, Kim DH, Lee BH et al. (2005) Preliminary results of endovascular stent-assisted angioplasty for symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:166–174

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Levy EI, Hanel RA, Boulos AS et al. (2003)Comparison of periprocedure complications resulting from direct stent placement compared with those due to conventional and staged stent placement in the basilar artery. J Neurosurg 2003:653–660

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lylyk P, Vila JF, Miranda C et al. (2005) Endovascular reconstruction by means of stent placement in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Neurol Res 27(Suppl 1):84–88

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mahoney EM, Mehta S, Yuan Y et al. (2006) Long-term cost-effectiveness of early and sustained clopidogrel therapy for up to 1 year in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after presenting with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. Am Heart J 151:219–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Marks MP, Wojak JC, Al-Ali F et al. (2006) Angioplasty for symptomatic intracranial stenosis: clinical outcome. Stroke 37:1016–1020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mazighi M, Tanasescu R, Ducrocq X et al. (2006) Prospective study of symptomatic atherothrombotic intracranial stenoses: the GESICA study. Neurology 66:1187–1191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ et al. (2001) Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events trial (CURE) Investigators. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 358:527–533

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Mohr JP (1993) Classification and mechanisms of cerebrovascular disease. Ann Epidemiol 3:454–457

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mori T, Mori K, Fukuoka M, Arisawa M et al. (1997) Percutaneous transluminal cerebral angioplasty: serial angiographic follow-up after successful dilatation. Neuroradiology 39:111–116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. de Rochemont Rdu M, Turowski B, Buchkremer M et al. (2004) Recurrent symptomatic high-grade intracranial stenoses: safety and efficacy of undersized stents—initial experience. Radiology 231:45–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Gu Q et al. (1995) Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 26:14–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G et al. (2006) Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation 113:409–449

    Google Scholar 

  31. Samuels OB, Joseph GJ, Lynn MJ et al. (2000) A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21:643–646

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Stone GW, Aronow HD (2006) Long-term care after percutaneous coronary intervention: focus on the role of antiplatelet therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 81:641–652

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. The SSYLVIA Study Investigators (2004) Stenting of Symptomatic Artherosclerotic Lesions in the Vertebral or Intracranial Arteries (SSYLVIA). Stroke 35:1388–1392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study Group (1998) Prognosis of patients with symptomatic vertebral or basilar artery stenosis. Stroke 29:1389–1392

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Thijs VN, Albers GW (2000) Symptomatic intracranial artherosclerosis: outcome of patients who fail antithrombotic therapy. Neurology 55:490–498

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Weber W, Mayer TE, Henkes H et al. (2005) Stent-angioplasty of intracranial vertebral and basilar artery stenoses in symptomatic patients. Eur J Radiol 55:231–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Weidauer S, Gaa J, Sitzer M et al. (2003) Posterior encephalopathy with vasospasm: MRI and angiography. Neuroradiology 45:869–876

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wityk RJ, Lehman D, Klag M et al. (1996) Race and sex differences in the distribution of cerebral atherosclerosis. Stroke 27:1974–1980

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wong KS, Huang YN, Gao S et al. (1998) Intracranial stenosis in Chinese patients with acute stroke. Neurology 50:812–813

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wong KS, Li H, Lam WW et al. (2002) Progression of middle cerebral artery occlusive disease and its relationship with further vascular events after stroke. Stroke 33:532–536

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wong KS, Li H (2003) Long-term mortality and recurrent stroke risk among Chinese stroke patients with predominant intracranial atherosclerosis. Stroke 34:2361–2366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

PD Dr. Matthias Sitzer ist regelmäßiger Referent zum Thema Sekundärprävention nach Schlaganfall im Auftrag der Firmen Bristol-Myers-Squibb und Sanofi-Aventis. PD Dr. Joachim Berkefeld ist Berater und Gutachter für eine Zulassungstudie zum Thema Interakranielle Stentimplantation im Auftrag der Firmen Biotronic und Micrus.

Trotz des möglichen Interessenkonflikts ist der Beitrag unabhängig und produktneutral.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Berkefeld.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Berkefeld, J., Hamann, G.F., du Mesnil, R. et al. Endovaskuläre Behandlung intrakranieller Stenosen. Nervenarzt 77, 1444–1455 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-006-2182-z

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-006-2182-z

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation