Abstract
Introduction
Previous studies in apes and monkeys have shown that the red nucleus receives projections from the sensorimotor and premotor cortices, whereas other experiments carried out with injured human brains have found corticorubral projections issuing from associative areas. Therefore, we reassessed in vivo the human anatomical projections from the cerebral cortex to the red nucleus using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) axonal tracking.
Methods
The connectivity between the cerebral cortex and the red nuclei of seven volunteers was studied at 1.5 T using streamlined DTI axonal tracking.
Results
Trajectories were constantly tracked between the red nuclei and the ipsilateral pericentral and prefrontal cortices, as well as the temporal cortex and the striatum in two subjects. Within the cerebral trunk, trajectories also include the superior cerebellar peduncle and the central tegmental tract.
Conclusion
The human red nucleus receives its main afferences from the sensorimotor and prefrontal cortices.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Massion J (1967) The mammalian red nucleus. Physiol Rev 47:383–436
Humphrey DR, Gold R, Reed DJ (1984) Sizes, laminar and topographic origins of cortical projections to the major divisions of the red nucleus in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 225:75–94
Keifer J, Houk JC (1994) Motor function of the cerebellorubrospinal system. Physiol Rev 74–13:509–542
Von Monakow C (1895) Experimentelle und pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen über die Haubenregion, den Schlügel und die Regio subthalamica nebst Beiträge zur Kenntnis früh erworbener Gross- und Kleinhirndefecte. Arch Psychiat Nervenkr 27:1–128, 386–478
Archambault L (1914–1915) Les connexions corticales du noyau rouge. Nouvelle Iconographie Salpêtrière 27:188–225
Meyer M (1949) Study of efferent connexions of the frontal lobe in the human brain after leucotomy. Brain 72:265–296
Kanki S, Ban T (1952) Corticofugal connections of the frontal lobe in man. Med J Osaka University 3:201–222
Nieuwenhuys R, Voogt J, vanHuijzen C (eds) (1988) The human central nervous system. A synopsis and atlas, third revised edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Lehéricy S, Ducros M, Krainik A, François C, Van de Moortele PF, Ugurbil K, Kim DS (2004) 3-D diffusion tensor axonal tracking shows distinct SMA and pre-SMA projections to the human striatum. Cereb Cortex 14:1302–1309
Déjérine J (1980) Anatomie des centres nerveux, vol 2. Masson, Paris New York Barcelona Milan
Humphrey DR, Rietz RR (1976) Cells of origin of corticorubral projections from the arm area of primate motor cortex and their synaptic actions in the red nucleus. Brain Res 110:162–169
Tokuno H, Takada M, Nambu A, Inase M (1995) Somatotopical projections from the supplementary motor area to the red nucleus in the macaque monkey. Exp Brain Res 106:351–355
Hartmann-von Monakow K, Akert K, Künzle H (1979) Projections of precentral and premotor cortex to the red nucleus and other midbrain areas in Macaca fascicularis. Exp Brain Res 34:91–105
ten Donkelaar HJ (1988) Evolution of the red nucleus and rubrospinal tract. Behav Brain Res 28:9–20
Staempfli P, Jaermann T, Crelier GR, Kollias S, Valavanis A, Boesiger P (2006) Resolving fiber crossing using advanced fast marching tractography based on diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage 30:110–120
Behrens TEJ, Woolrich MW, Jenkinson M, Johansen-Berg H, Nunes RG, Clare S, Matthews PM, Brady JM, Smith SM (2003) Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 50:1077–1088
Schmahmann JD, Pandya DN (1997) The cerebrocerebellar system. Int Rev Neurosci 41:31–60
Middleton FA, Strick PL (2000) Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor active and cognitive circuits. Brain Res Rev 31:236–250
Ito M (1984) The cerebellum and neural control. Raven Press, New York
Ito M (1993) Movement and thought: identical central mechanisms by the cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 16:447–450
Gao JH, Parsons LM, Bower JM, Xiong J, LI J, Fox PT (1996) Cerebellum implicated in sensory acquisition and discrimination rather than motor control. Science 272:545–547
Sörös P, Sokoloff LG, Bose A, McIntosh AR, Graham SJ, Stuss DT (2006) Clustered functional MRI of overt speech production. Neuroimage. DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.046
Dunckley P, Wise R, Fairhurst M, Hobden P, Aziz Q, Chang L, Tracey I (2005) A comparison of visceral and somatic pain processing in the human brainstem using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 25:7333–7341
Liu Y, Pu Y, Gao JH, Parsons LM, Xiong J, Liotti M, Bower JM, Fox PT (2000) The human red nucleus and lateral cerebellum in supporting roles for sensory information processing. Hum Brain Mapp 10:147–159
Kennedy PR, Gibson AR, Houk JC (1986) Functional and anatomic differentiation between parvocellular and magnocellular regions of red nucleus in monkey. Brain Res 364:124–136
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Adrian Istoc with the iconography.
Confict of interest statement
We declare that we have no conflict of interest
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Habas, C., Cabanis, E.A. Cortical projections to the human red nucleus: a diffusion tensor tractography study with a 1.5-T MRI machine. Neuroradiology 48, 755–762 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-006-0117-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-006-0117-9