Skip to main content
Log in

The fallopian canal: a comprehensive review and proposal of a new classification

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Child's Nervous System Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 28 January 2014

Abstract

Introduction

The facial nerve follows a complex course through the skull base. Understanding its anatomy is crucial during standard skull base approaches and resection of certain skull base tumors closely related to the nerve, especially, tumors at the cerebellopontine angle.

Methods

Herein, we review the fallopian canal and its implications in surgical approaches to the skull base. Furthermore, we suggest a new classification.

Conclusions

Based on the anatomy and literature, we propose that the meatal segment of the facial nerve be included as a component of the fallopian canal. A comprehensive knowledge of the course of the facial nerve is important to those who treat patients with pathology of or near this cranial nerve.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Phillips CD, Bubash LA (2002) The facial nerve: anatomy and common pathology. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR 23:202–217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wilson-Pauwels L, Akesson E, Stewart P (1988) Cranial nerves, anatomy and clinical comments. B.C. Decker, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  3. Salib RJ, Tziambazis E, McDermott AL, Chavda SV, Irving RM (2001) The crucial role of imaging in detection of facial nerve haemangiomas. J Laryngol Otol 115:510–513

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Yurtseven T, Savas R, Kocak A, Turhan T, Aktas EO, Islekel S (2004) Relationship between anterior inferior cerebellar artery and facial-vestibulocochlear nerve complex: an anatomical and magnetic resonance images correlation study. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 47:306–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kim HS, Kim DI, Chung IH, Lee WS, Kim KY (1998) Topographical relationship of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves in the subarachnoid space and internal auditory canal. Am J Neuroradiol 19:1155–1161

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rubinstein D, Sandberg EJ, Cajade-Law AG (1996) Anatomy of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves in the internal auditory canal. Am J Neuroradiol 17:1099–1105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Tian GY, Xu DC, Huang DL, Liao H, Huang MX (2008) The topographical relationships and anastomosis of the nerves in the human internal auditory canal. Surg Radiol Anat 30:243–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Leblanc A (1992) Anatomy and imaging of the cranial nerves: a neuroanatomic method of investigation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI and computed tomography). Springer, Heidelberg

  9. Amjad AH, Scheer AA, Rosenthal J (1969) Human internal auditory canal. Arch Otolaryngol 89:709–714

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gonzalez F, Ferreira M, Zabramski J, Spetzler R, Deshmukh P (2000) The middle fossa approach. Barrow Quarterly 16

  11. Sanna M, Saleh E, Russo A, Falcioni M (2001) Identification of the facial nerve in the translabyrinthine approach: an alternative technique. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124:105–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Brunsteins DB, Ferreri AJ (1990) Microsurgical anatomy of VII and VIII cranial nerves and related arteries in the cerebellopontine angle. Surg Radiol Anat 12:259–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mazzoni A, Hansen CC (1970) Surgical anatomy of the arteries of the internal auditory canal. Arch Otolaryngol 91:128–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Veillona F, Ramos-Taboada L, Abu-Eid M, Charpiot A, Riehm S (2010) Imaging of the facial nerve. Eur J Radiol 74:341–348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Anson BJ, Donaldson JA, Warpeha RL, Rensink MJ, Shilling BB (1973) Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 97:201–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Swartz JD (1984) The facial nerve canal: CT analysis of the protruding tympanic segment. Radiology 153:443–447

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Maru N, Cheita AC, Mogoanta CA, Prejoianu B (2010) Intratemporal course of the facial nerve: morphological, topographic and morphometric features. Rom J Morphol Embryol 51:243–248

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Perry JR, Hasso AN (1996) Magnetic resonance imaging of cranial nerve VII. Top Mag Reson Imag 8:155–163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nikolaidis V, Nalbadian M, Psifidis A, Themelis C, Kouloulas A (2009) The tympanic segment of the facial nerve: anatomical study. Clin Anat 22:307–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Yadav S, Ranga A, Sirohiwal B, Chanda R (2006) Surgical anatomy of tympano-mastoid segment of facial nerve. Indian J Otolaryngol 58:27–30

    Google Scholar 

  21. Haynes DR (1955) The relations of the facial nerve in the temporal bone. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 16:175–185

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nitek S, Wysocki J, Niemczyk K, Ungier E (2006) The anatomy of the tympanic sinus. Folia Morphologica 65:195–199

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Yetiser S (2012) The dehiscent facial nerve canal. Int J Otolaryngol 2012:679708

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lin JC, Ho KY, Kuo WR, Wang LF, Chai CY, Tsai SM (2004) Incidence of dehiscence of the facial nerve at surgery for middle ear cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131:452–456

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Boemo RL, Navarrete ML, Pumarola F, Domenech JM, Perello E (2007) Morphometric study of the mastoid segment of the facial nerve. Acta Otorrinolaringologica Espanola 58:178–181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Boemo RL, Navarrete ML, Lareo S, Pumarola F, Chamizo J, Perello E (2008) Anatomical relationship between the position of the sigmoid sinus, tympanic membrane and digastric ridge with the mastoid segment of the facial nerve. Eur Arch Oto Rhino Laryngol 265:389–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Litton WB, Krause CJ, Anson BA, Cohen WN (1969) The relationship of the facial canal to the annular sulcus. Laryngoscope 79:1584–1604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Adad B, Rasgon BM, Ackerson L (1999) Relationship of the facial nerve to the tympanic annulus: a direct anatomic examination. Laryngoscope 109:1189–1192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kassem F, Ophir D, Bernheim J, Berger G (2010) Morphology of the human tympanic membrane annulus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 142:682–687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lindeman H (1960) The fallopian canal. An anatomical study of its distal part. Acta Oto-Laryngologica - Supplement 158:204–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. McManus LJ, Dawes PJ, Stringer MD (2011) Clinical anatomy of the chorda tympani: a systematic review. J Laryngol Otol 125:1101–1108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Blunt MJ (1954) The blood supply of the facial nerve. J Anat 88:520–526

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Salame K, Ouaknine GE, Arensburg B, Rochkind S (2002) Microsurgical anatomy of the facial nerve trunk. Clin Anat 15:93–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Perez B, Campos ME, Rivero J, Lopez Campos D, Lopez-Aguado D (1997) Incidence of dehiscences in the fallopian canal. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 40:51–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Baxter A (1971) Dehiscence of the fallopian canal. An anatomical study. J Laryngol Otol 85:587–594

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Di Martino E, Sellhaus B, Haensel J, Schlegel JG, Westhofen M, Prescher A (2005) Fallopian canal dehiscences: a survey of clinical and anatomical findings. Eur Arch Oto Rhino Laryngol 262:120–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ozbek C, Tuna E, Ciftci O, Yazkan O, Ozdem C (2009) Incidence of fallopian canal dehiscence at surgery for chronic otitis media. Eur Arch Oto Rhino Laryngol 266:357–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Barnes G, Liang JN, Michaels L, Wright A, Hall S, Gleeson M (2001) Development of the fallopian canal in humans: a morphologic and radiologic study. Otol Neurotol 22:931–937

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Yetiser S, Erol U, Birkent H, Durmaz A (2007) Internal auditory canal enlargement (Giant IAC) and defective fundus in a child with congenital neurosensorial hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol Extra 2:95–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Hawke M, Jahn A (1987) Diseases of the ear: clinical and pathologic aspects. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  41. Jabor MA, Amedee RG, Gianoli GJ (2000) Primary meningioma of the fallopian canal. South Med J 93:717–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Foyt D, Brackmann DE (2000) Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea through a congenitally patent fallopian canal. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126:540–542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Panse R (1904) Klinische und pathologische Mitteilungen: IV. Ein Glioms des Akustikus. Arch Ohr Nas Kehlkopfheilk 61:251–255

    Google Scholar 

  44. House WF (1963) Surgery of the petrous portion of the VII nerve. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 72:802–807

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Aslan A, Tekdemir I, Elhan A, Tuccar E (1999) Surgical exposure in translabyrinthine approaches—an anatomical study. Auris, Nasus, Larynx 26:237–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Pulec JL (1969) Total facial nerve exposure. Arch Otolaryngol 89:179–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. House WF, Belal A Jr (1980) Translabyrinthine surgery: anatomy and pathology. Am J Otol 1:189–198

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. House WF, De la Cruz A, Hitselberger WE (1978) Surgery of the skull base: transcochlear approach to the petrous apex and clivus. Otolaryngology 86:770–779, ORL

    Google Scholar 

  49. House WF, Hitselberger WE (1976) The transcochlear approach to the skull base. Arch Otolaryngol 102:334–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Angeli SI, De la Cruz A, Hitselberger W (2001) The transcochlear approach revisited. Otol Neurotol 22:690–695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. De la Cruz A, Teufert KB (2009) Transcochlear approach to cerebellopontine angle and clivus lesions: indications, results, and complications. Otol Neurotol 30:373–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ciric I, Zhao JC, Rosenblatt S, Wiet R, O’Shaughnessy B (2005) Suboccipital retrosigmoid approach for removal of vestibular schwannomas: facial nerve function and hearing preservation. Neurosurgery 56:560–570, discussion 560–570

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. S. Tubbs.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mortazavi, M.M., Latif, B., Verma, K. et al. The fallopian canal: a comprehensive review and proposal of a new classification. Childs Nerv Syst 30, 387–395 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-013-2332-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-013-2332-0

Keywords

Navigation