Skip to main content
Log in

Individual significance of olfaction: development of a questionnaire

  • Rhinology
  • Published:
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Clinical experience shows that the individual significance of olfactory function varies between subjects. In order to estimate these individual differences we developed a questionnaire to study the subjective importance of the sense of smell. Questions were arranged within three subscales: association with olfactory sensations, application of the sense of smell, and the readiness to draw consequences from the olfactory perception. The questionnaire was shown to be time efficient, suitable for normosmic subjects and patients with hyposmia or anosmia. It exhibited a good internal reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.77). First results in 123 subjects indicate that the subjective importance of the sense of smell stays at the same level throughout life-span despite of a decreased olfactory sensitivity. Furthermore, women reported a higher importance of olfaction. It is hoped that this questionnaire will contribute to clarify, for example, cross-cultural differences in the perception of odours.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Vennemann MM, Hummel T, Berger K (2008) The association between smoking and smell and taste impairment in the general population. J Neurol 255(8):1121–1126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bramerson A et al (2004) Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the Skovde population-based study. Laryngoscope 114(4):733–737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hummel T et al (2007) Normative data for the “Sniffin′n Sticks” including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 264:237–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Landis BN, Konnerth CG, Hummel T (2004) A study on the frequency of olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope 114(10):1764–1769

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Murphy C et al (2002) Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. JAMA 288(18):2307–2312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Welge-Luessen A et al (2005) What is the correlation between ratings and measures of olfactory function in patients with olfactory loss? Am J Rhinol 19(6):567–571

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Landis BN et al (2003) Ratings of overall olfactory function. Chem Senses 28(8):691–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hummel T, Nordin S (2005) Olfactory disorders and their consequences for quality of life. Acta Otolaryngol 125(2):116–121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Landis BN, Hummel T (2006) New evidence for high occurrence of olfactory dysfunctions within the population. Am J Med 119(1):91–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Temmel AF, Quint C, Schickinger-Fischer B, Klimek L, Stoller E, Hummel T (2002) Characteristics of olfactory disorders in relation to major causes of olfactory loss. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128:635–641

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bonfils P, Faulcon P, Tavernier L, Bonfils NA, Malinvaud D (2008) Home accidents associated with anosmia. Presse Med 37:742–745

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Santos DV, Reiter ER, DiNardo LJ, Costanzo RM (2004) Hazardous events associated with impaired olfactory function. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:317–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Frasnelli J, Hummel T (2005) Olfactory dysfunction and daily life. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 262(3):231–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Deems DA et al (1991) Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117(5):519–528

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Miwa T, Furukawa M, Tsukatani T, Costanzo RM, DiNardo LJ, Reiter ER (2001) Impact of olfactory impairment on quality of life and disability. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127:497–503

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Landis BN, Hummel T, Lacroix J-S (2005) Basic and clinical aspects of olfaction. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 30:70–105

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lledo PM, Gheusi G, Vincent JD (2005) Information processing in the mammalian olfactory system. Physiol Rev 85(1):281–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Willander J, Larsson M (2007) Olfaction and emotion: the case of autobiographical memory. Mem Cognit 35(7):1659–1663

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hummel T, Kobal G, Gudziol H, Mackay-Sim A (2007) Normative data for the “Sniffin’ Sticks” including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 264:237–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hummel T, Heilmann S, Murphy C (2002) Age-related changes of chemosensory functions, in Olfaction, taste and cognition. In: Rouby C et al. (eds). Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 441–456

  21. Schwob JE (2002) Neural regeneration and the peripheral olfactory system. Anat Rec 269(1):33–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Oberg C, Larsson M, Backman L (2002) Differential sex effects in olfactory functioning: the role of verbal processing. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 8(5):691–698

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hughes LF et al (2002) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on olfactory sensitivity: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Climacteric 5(2):140–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rosenthal R, Rosnow RL (1975) The volunteer subject. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest statement

This research had no external sponsor.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Hummel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Croy, I., Buschhüter, D., Seo, HS. et al. Individual significance of olfaction: development of a questionnaire. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 267, 67–71 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-009-1054-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-009-1054-0

Keywords

Navigation