Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section
Main articleThe heating of metal electrodes during rapid-rate magnetic stimulation: a possible safety hazard
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Cited by (91)
Identifying novel biomarkers with TMS-EEG – Methodological possibilities and challenges
2022, Journal of Neuroscience MethodsBridging the gap: TMS-EEG from lab to clinic
2022, Journal of Neuroscience MethodsSafety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines
2021, Clinical NeurophysiologyCitation Excerpt :The heating produced by TMS in the brain is estimated to be very small (less than 0.1 °C) and this should not pose any safety issue (Brix et al., 2002; Ruohonen and Ilmoniemi, 2005). TMS can also induce currents in skin electrodes and implants that can heat them (Rotenberg et al., 2007; Roth et al., 1992). The heating depends on the structure, size, electrical conductivity, and placement of the electrode or implant, the geometrical and conductivity characteristics of the tissue it contacts, and the TMS coil configuration and pulse characteristics.
Spectral F Test for detecting TMS/EEG responses
2020, Biomedical Signal Processing and ControlCitation Excerpt :Some frequencies above 5 Hz can be observed, but with detection below 5 % (Fig. 10). The energy increase in the frequencies below 5 Hz found in the skull model could be explained by some movements over the smooth cucumber surface, caused by forces acting on metals of the electronic components when submitted to the magnetic stimulus [38]. As expected, since no brain tissue was present to be activated, there was no significant influence of capacitor charging time to other frequencies when the charging occurred five seconds after the current pass through the coil (Fig. 11).
Assessment of Vascular Stent Heating with Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
2017, Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesRepeated transcranial magnetic stimulation prevents kindling-induced changes in electrophysiological properties of rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons
2014, NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :Of course, it has been reported that low-frequency stimulation did not induce significant long-term effects on neuroplasticity markers in awake and anesthetized states (Gersner et al., 2011). The other limitation was that application of rTMS can induce Eddy currents in metal electrodes (Roth et al., 1992) which can lead to heating of the kindling electrodes and surrounding tissues. However, our previous experiments showed that ohmic heating of cells by pulsed magnetic fields even at 100% of the maximum output intensity did not increase the temperature of samples by more than 3 °C (Shankayi et al., 2014).