Original articleCellular and molecular basis of the imbalance between vascular damage and repair in ageing and age-related diseases: As biomarkers and targets for new treatments
Section snippets
Introduction: ageing related vascular disease—the problem of ageing population size
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2010 the number of people aged 65 or older has been estimated equal to 524 million in the world. In addition, it has been also assessed that in 2050 the projected old-age dependency ratio will achieve a percentage of 68% particularly in European populations (Balistreri et al., 2014a, Balistreri et al., 2014b, Ferrucci et al., 2008). This trend implies several medical, economical, social and quality life problems, related principally to
Focus on self-repair as strategy for reducing and/or retarding CVD onset and progression
Ageing related-CVDs (secondary or not to diabetes) are characterized by a complex patho-physiology, orchestrated by mechanisms not completely clear and articulated in multistep clinical events. Their progression is generally assumed as irreversible and one-directional (Goldschmidt-Clermont et al., 2012). However, for each step, a small reverse probability does exist. Accordingly, some individuals with a substantial ability in cardiovascular system self-repair, even in the presence of potent
The typical feature of ageing and age-associated diseases: the imbalance between damage and self repair
With advancing age, the capacity of self- repair of all organs and systems is altered. In particular, it has been evidenced that cardiovascular-self repair is affected with ageing in vascular system, including the heart (Williamson et al., 2012, Felice et al., 2013, Olivieri et al., 2013). In addition, it becomes particularly compromised after ischemic injury, partially due to the reduced functional capabilities of resident stem cells (Williamson et al., 2012, Felice et al., 2013, Olivieri et
Regenerative medicine: cardiovascular cell repair therapy and its limitation in clinical application in old individuals
The latest discoveries and advanced knowledge in the fields of stem cell biology and their ability to provide a cue for counteracting several diseases, are leading to focus the attention on “regenerative medicine” as possible solutions for CVDs. Regenerative medicine is recognized as an emerging core component of modern practice, and is offering the cardiovascular cell repair therapy as possible and curative solution. Its translation into the complex CVD clinical arena is an intriguing and
Interest addressed on cell populations and signaling pathways involved in the imbalance between vascular damage and repair associated with ageing and age-related diseases_CVDs
As above mentioned, it has been underlined that cardiovascular cell therapy shows limitations and particularly in its clinical application on old individuals. In searching new and more efficient personalized treatments, it is necessary detecting cell populations and signaling pathways involved in the imbalance between vascular damage and repair associated with ageing and age-related diseases, such as CVDs.
Here we describe some cell populations and molecular pathways related to such imbalance.
Perspectives and conclusions
Scientific community is actually searching for new strategies of treatments including i.e. personalized therapies, as well as appropriate biomarkers, which can improve life quality, reduce and/or retard the onset and progression of CVDs. A relevant contribution might derive by (a) determining novel cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular diseases associated with ageing and its co-morbidities; (b) extending the search not only on EPC cells and their subpopulations, but also on other
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research (PRIN), and from the CARIPLO Foundation (all to R. Madonna).
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2019, Experimental GerontologyCitation Excerpt :Well-recognized is, indeed, their physiological activation against adverse microenvironmental factors, including pathogens, sterile inflammatory molecules (i.e. damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), inflammatory mediators, metabolic molecules and diet-derived by-products, (widely quoted in Weng et al., 2014; Balistreri, 2015; Balistreri et al., 2016; Balistreri, 2017; Balistreri et al., 2017; McCarthy and Webb, 2016; He et al., 2010; Huang et al., 2018). However, the progressive increase of these factors, with advancing age, at both tissue and systemic level, causes a sustained to excessive activation of this network, contributing to functional and structural changes of endothelium, and consequently to vascular dysfunctions and onset of age-related diseases (ARD) of vascular system and other organs (Balistreri, 2016; Balistreri et al., 2016; Balistreri, 2017; Balistreri et al., 2017; Balistreri et al., 2019; Madonna et al., 2016, 2019; Regina et al., 2016). Documented by the emerging evidence also is the significant association of altered number and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), with endothelium impairment in old people (Chen et al., 2010; Dimmeler and Vasa-Nicotera, 2003; Heiss et al., 2005; Hoetzer et al., 2007; Menghini et al., 2009; Thijssen et al., 2006; Vasa-Nicotera et al., 2011).
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