Purpose: To quantify fat content in adrenal lesions with double-echo chemical shift magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in a phantom study and to differentiate adrenal adenomas from other adrenal masses by assessing fat content in a clinical study.
Materials and methods: The study consisted of two parts: a phantom study and a clinical study. To explore the effect of the T1 value on in- and opposed-phase MR images of fat-containing tissues, phantom models with various proportions of fat and gadopentetate dimeglumine concentrations were implemented. Signal intensity (SI) indexes ([SI in-phase - SI opposed-phase]/SI in-phase) were calculated with double-echo fast low-angle shot (FLASH) MR imaging. In the clinical study, 23 patients with 28 adrenal masses (16 adrenal adenomas, nine adrenal metastases, and three pheochromocytomas) underwent double-echo FLASH MR imaging, and SI indexes were calculated.
Results: SI index reached a maximum of 0.87 at 53% fat fraction for gadopentetate dimeglumine concentration at 0.5 mmol/L as the simulated T1 of the adrenal mass. The SI indexes of the adrenal adenomas, adrenal metastases, and pheochromocytomas, respectively, were 0.36, -0.15, and -0.07, and estimated fat fraction from the phantom study was 26.5%, 0%, and 0%. All adrenal adenomas contained fat on double-echo FLASH images. There was no overlap in SI index between adenomas and other tumors.
Conclusion: Preliminary experience indicates that quantitative measurement of the fat fraction of adrenal masses is possible with the double-echo chemical shift FLASH technique and allows for differentiating adrenal adenomas from other adrenal masses.