In past decades, the biomechanics of intervertebral disc degeneration have received much attention. More recent research efforts have focused on understanding the biology of the disc degenerative process. The ability to manipulate disc architecture and biology by direct application of growth factors or by gene therapy techniques may present an opportunity to halt or slow disc degeneration. Preliminary studies using these strategies have confirmed their ability to replenish essential disc matrix components that are known to decrease with disc degeneration.