Brain specific angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI)-1 is a novel p53-inducible anti-angiogenic molecule. We examined the expression of BAI-1 in glial tumors and its association with patient survival. The expression of BAI-1 was evaluated in 20 brain tumors (meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, hemangiopericytomas, hemangioblastomas), 2 normal brain samples, 5 benign gliomas, and 26 glioblastomas. In the 26 glioblastoma tumors, we also evaluated the expression of VEGF, p53, p53 mutations, and MIB-1 to determine their association with survival. BAI-1 mRNA was expressed in all benign gliomas, normal brain, and 9 out of 26 glioblastomas, but not in the other tumors. Low VEGF and aberrant high expression of p53 were associated with a favorable outcome in univariate survival analysis, but they were not independent factors in multivariate analysis. For the treatment response, BAI-1 expression was associated with better response to radiation therapy (p=0.014). When we divided the patients into groups according to the expression patterns of BAI-1 and VEGF mRNA, the median survival of 9 patients with high VEGF expression and no expression of BAI-1 was just 6 months, while the median survival of the other 17 patients was 14 months (p=0.013). Glioblastomas with no BAI-1 and high VEGF mRNA expression are more often associated with poor clinical outcome. These findings suggest that the balance between the angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors is important in the progression of glioblastoma and its response to treatment.