MRI has become the modality of choice for imaging the peripheral nervous system. When technically optimized and customized for individual clinical problems, MRI can provide insight into the underlying causes of neoplastic, inflammatory, and other diseases affecting peripheral nerves with a high degree of accuracy and effectively distinguish benign from malignant processes. With high-resolution imaging techniques targeted fascicular biopsy can be planned to improve diagnostic yield and decrease the risk of surgically sampling primary nerve pathology.