Scuba diving is associated with risk of severe decompression sickness (DCS type II), which results from rapid reduction of the environmental pressure sufficient to cause the formation into tissue or blood of inert gas bubbles previously loaded within tissues as a soluble phase. DCS type II constitutes a unique subset of ischemic insults to the central nervous system (CNS) with primarily involvement of the spinal cord. Ten patients with diving-related barotrauma underwent neurologic examination. Two of them presented progressive sensory and motor loss in the extremities at admission and were presumed affected by spinal cord DCS. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated abnormalities in the white-matter tracts of the spinal cord in these patients, in each case corresponding to an area of the cord believed to be clinically involved. After a course of therapeutic recompressions, one patient was able to stand and walk a short distance, and MRI revealed a decreased extension of areas of spinal cord abnormalities. MRI has proved to be reliable in the detection of pathologic changes of spinal cord decompression sickness that were previously undetectable by other neuroimaging methods and also has proved to be useful in the follow-up during therapeutic hyperbaric recompressions.