The brain is complex and dynamic. The spatial scales of interest to the neurobiologist range
from individual synapses (∼1 μm) to neural circuits (centimeters); the timescales range from …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength occurs during learning and can last for
long periods, making it a probable mechanism for memory storage. LTP induction results in …

Cells employ a variety of linear motors, such as myosin 1–3 , kinesin 4 and RNA polymerase
5 , which move along and exert force on a filamentous structure. But only one rotary motor …

… )−0.447], where η (10 −3 N·m·s −2 ) is the viscosity of the medium and r (5 nm) the radius
of the filament. Thus, the rotation was slower for longer actin filaments (Figure 2a). At 2 mM (…

The enzyme F 1 -ATPase has been shown to be a rotary motor in which the central γ-subunit
rotates inside the cylinder made of α 3 β 3 subunits. At low ATP concentrations, the motor …

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) plays a central part in long-term potentiation
(LTP), which underlies some forms of learning and memory. Here we monitored the …

ATP, the main biological energy currency, is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate
by ATP synthase in an energy-requiring reaction 1 , 2 , 3 . The F 1 portion of ATP synthase, …

… Using live imaging of fluorescently tagged signalling proteins in individual spines,
Ryohei Yasuda and colleagues show that transient activation of the Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent …

To determine the genetic causes and molecular mechanisms responsible for neurobehavioral
differences in mice, we used highly parallel gene expression profiling to detect genes that …

In mammals, neurons are highly differentiated and play distinctive functions even in the same
brain region. We found a novel cadherin-related neuronal receptor (Cnr) gene family by …