Objective Substance-dependent individuals make poor decisions on the Iowa Gambling
Task, a reward-related decision-making task that involves risk and uncertainty. Task …

BACKGROUND: Individuals with drug addictions report increased willingness to approach
rewards. Approach behaviors are thought to involve executive control processes and are …

Objectives: Substance use disorder is characterized by impaired decision making, impulsivity,
and risk taking. Pathological gambling shares many of these characteristics, and having …

BACKGROUND: Negative reinforcement results in behavior to escape or avoid an aversive
outcome. Withdrawal symptoms are purported to be negative reinforcers in perpetuating …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Frontolimbic circuits are involved in learning and decision-making
processes thought to be affected in substance-dependent individuals. We …

Background Personality traits such as pathological engagement in approach behaviors, high
levels of impulsivity and heightened negative affect are consistently observed in substance …

… This study, however, was conducted on a 1.5 T MRI magnet and involved visual analysis,
which may be less sensitive than quantitative imaging methods for detecting small volumetric …

Objectives: Barrett's esophagus is associated with adenocarcinoma of the cardia and
esophagus, regardless of its extent. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence and …

Background Substance dependence is associated with impaired decision-making and altered
fronto-striatal-limbic activity. Both greater and lesser brain activity have been reported in …

The prevalence of cardia versus noncardiagastric intestinal metaplasia in patients with
Barrett'sesophagus was assessed prospectively. Four-quadrantbiopsies were obtained from the …