Pathological evaluation is the gold standard for identifying processes related to multiple
sclerosis that explain disease manifestations, and for guiding the development of new …

Many promising MRI approaches for research or clinical management of multiple sclerosis
(MS) have recently emerged, or are under development or refinement. Advanced MRI …

Structural and functional integrity of the cerebral vasculature ensures proper brain
development and function, as well as healthy aging. The inability of the brain to store energy …

Three types of vascular dysfunction have been described in multiple sclerosis (MS). First,
findings from epidemiological studies suggest that patients with MS have a higher risk for …

Objective Magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla produces high‐resolution gradient‐echo
phase images of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) that quantify the local field shifts from …

MR offers by far the most sensitive technique for detecting multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions
and has proved to be an important paraclinical tool for diagnosing MS and monitoring …

Importance Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is an inherent indicator of the dilatory capacity
of cerebral arterioles for a vasomotor stimulus for maintaining a spontaneous and instant …

The development of therapeutic strategies that promote functional recovery is a major goal
of multiple sclerosis (MS) research. Neuroscientific and methodological advances have …

The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves several components: redox,
inflammatory/autoimmune, vascular, and neurodegenerative. All of them are supported by …

The exact pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is incompletely understood. Although auto-
immune responses have an important role in the development of hallmark focal …