Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The progression of atherosclerosis is related to various factors. Although antiplatelet therapy is used for the management of acute ischemic stroke and for the prevention of recurrent stroke, the antiplatelet agent cilostazol may also reduce restenosis after stent implantation in any vessel. This study was performed to assess the impact of cilostazol on plaque progression in the carotid artery contralateral to a stented artery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-five patients who underwent contralateral CAS who also had ipsilateral 0%–79% ICS were enrolled. ICS was assessed by duplex sonography every 6 months and by MR imaging/angiography, and digital subtraction angiography if necessary, every 12 months according to the NASCET method. Patient age, sex, past history, and perioperative medical conditions were recorded.
RESULTS: While 22.1% of patients experienced disease progression, symptomatic ipsilateral stroke occurred in only 1.1% of patients over 36.2 ± 18.8 months. On multivariate analysis, precarotid stenosis (HR per 10% increase, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.43–3.05; P < .001) and cilostazol use (HR 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03–0.85; P = .03) were independent predictors for the progression of ICS.
CONCLUSIONS: A higher degree of initial stenosis is associated with progression of asymptomatic ICS. Cilostazol may reduce the rate of disease progression in patients with asymptomatic ICS.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- CAD
- coronary artery disease
- CAS
- carotid artery stenting
- CEA
- carotid endarterectomy
- CI
- confidence interval
- CVD
- cerebrovascular disease
- HR
- hazard ratio
- ICS
- internal carotid artery stenosis
- PAD
- peripheral artery disease
Large randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that CEA is the “gold standard” for the management of ICS, both in symptomatic and in asymptomatic patients.1–4 However, CAS placement may be an appropriate alternative therapy for patients with ICS. While the SAPPHIRE trial showed that CAS was noninferior to CEA in patients with high surgical risk factors,5 3 other trials failed to prove noninferiority of CAS compared with CEA.6–8 Furthermore, only 1 randomized controlled clinical trial found that CEA and CAS are comparable based on major vascular events in terms of safe and effective stroke prevention in patients without high surgical risk factors.9 ICS is a major risk factor for stroke; therefore, treatments to reduce the long-term risk of stroke, including medical management, CEA, and CAS, are important for patients with this condition.
Although the incidence of progression of asymptomatic carotid artery disease after contralateral CEA has been described in studies using duplex sonography, the definition of progression varies among these studies.10–13 Patients who undergo CAS are given antiplatelet agents in addition to other antiatherosclerotic medications. Antiplatelet agents are effective for the reduction of stent thrombosis after CAS and for the reduction of the risk of vascular events in other arterial beds, which provides a rationale for their long-term use in these patients.14 In patients with coronary and peripheral artery disease, cilostazol has been shown to decrease restenosis and revascularization after catheter intervention.15–26 Furthermore, some previous reports suggested that cilostazol reduced restenosis after CEA and CAS.27–29 However, no study has investigated whether cilostazol can prevent progression of stenosis in the asymptomatic non-stent-implanted carotid artery after contralateral revascularization. Thus, the goal of this study is to identify predictors of progression of ICS after contralateral CAS.
Materials and Methods
Patients and Techniques
Between November 2001 and May 2010, all consecutive patients who underwent successful CAS for ICS in the Department of Neurosurgery at the National Hospital Organization Toyohashi Medical Center were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. Inclusion criteria were patients who could be followed for at least 12 months and who could be assessed for changes of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis after contralateral CAS. Patient age, sex, past history related to atherosclerosis, and perioperative medical conditions were recorded. Patients were excluded if they had a history of previous CEA, irradiation to the cervical portion of the carotid artery, or traumatic dissection.
All patients were screened with preoperative duplex sonography and MR imaging/angiography, followed by DSA at the time of the procedure, to ascertain whether lesions were appropriate for CAS and to assess the severity of stenosis on the opposite side. The criteria for CAS were stenosis greater than 80% in asymptomatic lesions and greater than 50% in symptomatic lesions, as per the NASCET method, and CAS was performed using our standard procedure, which has been previously described.30 Patients were premedicated with dual antiplatelet therapy in some combination of aspirin (100 mg/day), ticlopidine (200 mg/day), clopidogrel (75 mg/day), or cilostazol (200 mg/day), with the choice of agents at the discretion of the attending physicians. Perioperative dual antiplatelet therapy was continued within 1–3 months after CAS, at which point single-agent antiplatelet therapy was continued. In cases of patients with prior CAD or PAD, dual antiplatelet therapy was continued if necessary.
All patients were assessed every 6 months using duplex sonography by well-trained technicians and every 12 months by MR imaging/angiography. Patients were instructed to inform their physician if any new symptoms developed after hospital discharge. All new neurologic events were confirmed by an independent neurologist, and brain MR imaging/angiography was performed if any change in neurologic status was found. Furthermore, if new cervical bruit was present on examination, then duplex sonography was performed at each assessment. MR imaging/angiography was also performed when ICS ≥50% was suspected, and DSA was performed when ICS ≥80% was suspected. A 50% and 80% ICS was indicated by a peak systolic velocity on duplex sonography of 150 cm/s and 230 cm/s, respectively.31 The initial grade of stenosis after contralateral CAS was classified as follows: A, 0%–49% stenosis; B, 50%–79% stenosis; C, 80%–99% stenosis and occlusion. An 80%–99% stenosis was an indication for vascular reconstructive surgery, so these patients were excluded from this study. We determined any progression, if the category was advanced to a higher category of stenosis, by comparing serial assessments.
Values are presented as the mean ± SD. Categoric variables were analyzed by the χ2 or Fisher exact test, as appropriate. Continuous variables with normal distributions were analyzed by the Student t test, and those with non-normal distributions were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine which factors correlated with the progression of asymptomatic ICS. Factors related to the progression of asymptomatic ICS were identified by univariate regression analysis (P < .20) in an exploratory manner, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed by age and sex in addition to the extracted factors. Analysis of time to the progression of asymptomatic ICS was based on Kaplan-Meier curves. A probability value <.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using PASW statistics, version 18 (SPSS Japan, Tokyo, Japan).
Results
A total of 125 consecutive patients who underwent CAS and who were followed for at least 12 months were included in this study. Nine patients who initially planned to undergo bilateral CAS because of bilateral severe ICS, and 7 patients who had contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion, were excluded. Another 14 patients were excluded because of transfer to another hospital or death within 1 year. Therefore, 95 patients were enrolled in this study. Mean patient age was 73.0 ± 7.2 years (range 57–88 years), and there were 84 (88.4%) male patients. The mean follow-up period was 36.2 ± 18.8 months (range 12–95 months). There were 68 (71.6%) patients with hypertension, 28 (29.5%) patients with diabetes mellitus, 35 (36.8%) patients with hypercholesterolemia, 43 (45.3%) patients with CAD, and 22 (23.2%) patients who were currently smoking. Forty-six (48.4%) patients experienced symptomatic ischemic neurologic events before contralateral CAS. According to our grading system, 85 patients were categorized as group A (0%–49% stenosis) and another 10 patients were categorized as group B (50%–79% stenosis). During the follow-up period, 12 (14.1%) patients progressed from group A to group B, and 4 (4.7%) patients progressed from group A to group C, while 5 (50.0%) patients progressed from group B to group C. In all cases, 21 (22.1%) patients revealed progression during a period of 36.2 months. One (1.1%) patient experienced symptomatic ipsilateral stroke, and CAS was performed for ipsilateral ICS in 7 (7.4%) patients. Age, sex, follow-up period, and risk factors for atherosclerosis were similar comparing patients who experienced progression and those who did not. Baseline characteristics among these subgroups are summarized in Table 1.
Baseline characteristics among the subgroups of patients in the present study
A summary of antiplatelet therapy is shown in Table 2. Aspirin was used in 62 patients, ticlopidine was used in 26 patients, clopidogrel was used in 26 patients, and cilostazol was used in 29 patients. The progression of carotid artery stenosis was significantly fewer in patients with cilostazol use compared with patients without cilostazol use (6.9% versus 28.8%; P = .03).
Summary of antiplatelet therapy
Table 3 shows the univariate and multivariate associations of baseline characteristics, past histories, and perioperative status with the progression of carotid artery stenosis after contralateral CAS. In the initial univariate analyses, the following variables were selected for inclusion in the multivariable models: enrollment period (P = .14), precarotid stenosis (P < .001), symptomatic before CAS (P = .17), cilostazol use (P = .02), and restenosis after CAS (P = .03). In the age- and sex-adjusted final multivariate model, the 2 variables identified as independent predictors for the progression of carotid artery stenosis were precarotid stenosis (HR per 10% increase, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.43–3.05; P < .001) and cilostazol use (HR 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03–0.85; P = .03). In addition, restenosis (defined as 50% stenosis or greater) after CAS occurred in 10 (10.5%) patients after 32.9 ± 18.0 months. The rate of restenosis was 0% (0/29) in patients with cilostazol use and 15.2% (10/66) in patients without cilostazol use (P = .03, Table 4).
Factors independently associated with the progression of carotid artery stenosis after contralateral carotid artery stenting on multivariate logistic regression models
Rate of progression of carotid artery stenosis
The Kaplan-Meier curve for freedom from progression of ICS with or without cilostazol use is shown in Fig 1 . The cilostazol (+) group had a higher rate of freedom from progression of ICS compared with the cilostazol (−) group (P = .006).
Kaplan-Meier curves showing cumulative freedom from progression of ICS. Freedom from progression of ICS was significantly higher in the cilostazol (+) group compared with cilostazol (−) group (P = .006).
Discussion
The progression rate of asymptomatic ICS varies from 5.4% to 16.0% per year, depending on the definition of stenosis progression used and the population studied.11,12,32–37 In the present study, 22.1% of patients experienced progression of ICS during 36.2 months after contralateral CAS, which is consistent with observations from previous reports. Several studies have described risk factors for ICS progression, including female sex, black race, baseline ICS 50% or greater, systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg, CAD, smoking, low ankle-brachial pressure index, and echolucent plaques.34–36,38 The degree of precarotid stenosis and cilostazol use were independent predictors for progression of carotid artery stenosis after contralateral CAS in multivariate analysis, whereas restenosis after CAS was a significant predictor only within the univariate analysis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease,39 and major factors involved in the progression of atherosclerosis include inflammation of a vulnerable plaque, intraplaque hemorrhage, and injury to vascular endothelial cells. The present study suggests a strong relationship between the degree of initial stenosis and the progression of ICS. Therefore, these patients may benefit from therapies that address atherosclerosis and inflammation, as well as from surgical revascularization in appropriate candidates with severe ICS.
In previous studies, the prevalence of moderate and severe ICS has varied from 0% to 7.5% and from 0% to 3.1%, and the prevalence increased with age and was slightly higher in men.40 In Japan, the number of revascularization surgeries for ICS has increased over the past few decades, probably because of the Westernized diet and the development of endovascular therapy. Risk factors for asymptomatic ICS include older age, male sex, cervical bruits, wall thickness on duplex sonography, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, CAD, PAD, and smoking.37,41–44 Within several studies, risk factors in patients with CAD, CVD, or PAD were remarkably consistent across vascular beds, and this polyvascular disease was the strongest predictor of future ischemic events.45,46 In the present study, subjects had already undergone CAS on the other side, and they had a number of core risk factors for atherosclerosis. Despite appropriate control of these risk factors, 22.1% experienced progression. However, the incidence of symptomatic ipsilateral stroke was only 1.1% over 36.2 months. In patients with asymptomatic ICS of 60% or greater, ipsilateral ischemic stroke occurred at a rate of 2.3% per year, and ipsilateral stroke or TIA occurred at a rate of 4.5% per year.2 Similarly, ipsilateral ischemic stroke and all events (stroke, TIA, and amaurosis fugax) occurred 1.5% and 3.6% per year, respectively, in patients with ICS of 60% or greater, whereas ipsilateral ischemic stroke and all events occurred 1.0% and 2.4% per year, respectively, in patients with ICS less than 60%.47 In addition to simple luminal stenosis of the artery, plaque components and plaque morphology are important key factors in the occurrence of ischemic events.
In 2001, the average annual rates of ipsilateral stroke among patients receiving medical therapy for vascular disease fell below those of patients who underwent CEA (CEA data were obtained in 1995). However, current medical intervention alone was estimated as at least 3–8 times more cost effective in preventing stroke, and 4– 8 times more cost effective in preventing stroke and TIA compared with medical intervention and surgery as used in past major randomized trials. In addition, there was a 22% increase in the baseline proportion of patients receiving antiplatelet therapy from 1995 to 2007.48 The fall in the rate of ipsilateral ischemic stroke is probably related to pleiotropic medical interventions associated with the use of antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, and antiplatelet agents. Several recent studies reported that cilostazol reduced restenosis and repeat revascularization after coronary intervention with either a bare-metal stent or a drug-eluting stent.20,22,26,49,50 Similarly, cilostazol reduced restenosis after endovascular therapy in peripheral arteries,15–18 and some studies reported the effectiveness of cilostazol in the prevention of restenosis after CAS. In 1 study, restenosis during a 29-month period after CAS occurred in none (0/27) of the patients who received cilostazol and in 15.7% (11/70) of patients who did not receive cilostazol.27 Independent risk factors for restenosis and revascularization in the treated carotid artery over 30 months after CAS were cilostazol use (OR 0.28; 95% CI, 0.08–0.95) and stent diameter (OR 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54–0.99).28 Progression of symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis of the M1 segment in the middle cerebral artery or basilar artery in the cilostazol group was significantly lower than that in the placebo group.51 Thus, the present findings that cilostazol use and precarotid stenosis were independent predictors for the progression of asymptomatic ICS, and that the rate of restenosis was lower in patients with cilostazol use, are consistent with observations from previous reports. A recent randomized controlled clinical trial reported that cilostazol was noninferior to aspirin for the prevention of recurrent stroke and that cilostazol was associated with fewer hemorrhagic complications.52 Cilostazol has some beneficial effects in addition to its antiplatelet function; these include suppression of neointimal hyperplasia, induction of vasodilation secondary to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and protection of endothelial cells.53–56 Thus, these pluripotent effects of cilostazol probably act to inhibit the progression of ICS.
This study was limited in that it was a nonrandomized, retrospective study. Further, the true effect of cilostazol for asymptomatic ICS remains unknown, as the population in this study underwent contralateral CAS, which may result in some population bias. Therefore, larger prospective multicenter studies are necessary to establish the preventive effect of cilostazol on the progression of true asymptomatic ICS.
Conclusions
A higher degree of initial stenosis is associated with progression of asymptomatic ICS. Cilostazol may reduce the rate of disease progression in patients with asymptomatic ICS.
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References
- Received August 9, 2011.
- Accepted after revision October 18, 2011.
- © 2012 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
