Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recanalization may not result in better clinical outcomes after ischemic stroke. We determined the incidence and significant predictors of CMR, defined as CT angiographic recanalization and a good clinical outcome, after IV-rtPA in acute ischemic stroke. A CMR score was devised and tested.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty-six consecutive patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke receiving IV-rtPA were retrospectively reviewed. Imaging included a baseline NCCT and CTA. Recanalization was assessed on a 24-hour CTA. Clinical outcome was determined by the 90-day mRS. CMR was defined as CTA recanalization and a good clinical outcome (mRS ≤2). Logistic regression analysis determined predictors of CMR. The predictive ability of a CMR score was tested with AIC.
RESULTS: CMR occurred in 29% (36/126). Patients with CMR had fewer neurologic deficits (P = .001) and higher ASPECTS (P = .041) at baseline than those without CMR. Baseline NIHSS score did not predict proximal occlusion (OR 0.959; 95% CI [0.907–1.014]; P = .141). Multivariate analysis showed admission NIHSS score (P = .001) and the site of vessel occlusion (P = .022) to be significant CMR predictors. CMR was significantly less likely in patients with proximal occlusions (ICA, P = .005; proximal M1, P = .021). A CMR score better predicted CMR than either NIHSS or vessel occlusion site alone (P < .0001).
CONCLUSIONS: Milder baseline stroke deficit and distal vessel occlusion are significant predictors of CMR. A combination of these parameters better predicts CMR than either parameter alone.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- AIC
- Akaike information criteria
- ASPECTS
- Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score
- CBS
- clot-burden score
- CMR
- clinically meaningful recanalization
- IA
- intra-arterial
- IQR
- interquartile range
- MIP
- maximum intensity projection
The goal of thrombolytic treatment in acute ischemic stroke is to augment vessel recanalization and to restore blood flow to ischemic but potentially viable tissue. Recanalization is an important end point in several large clinical trials investigating the efficacy of IV and IA thrombolytic treatments.1⇓–3 There have been several advances in stroke treatment focused on rapid and more effective restoration of blood flow.4,5 Combined protocols utilizing endovascular treatments after initial IV-rtPA are being studied in an attempt to augment vessel patency and improve outcome.4
Although recanalization is a beneficial and necessary target in the treatment of acute stroke, it is not always associated with improved clinical outcome.6⇓–8 In the PROACT II and IMS II trials, 26% and 55% of patients with recanalization did not show clinical improvement.2 Furthermore, both IV and IA therapies for acute stroke are associated with risks that may influence the decision to treat if a good outcome is considered unlikely.4,8⇓–10 A recent editorial highlighted that, in the absence of proper patient selection for recanalization, increasing rates of angiographic recanalization are unlikely to result in better clinical outcomes.11
Previous investigations have suggested that futile recanalization, or angiographic recanalization in the absence of improved clinical outcome, may be more common in older patients and patients with more severe neurologic deficits.7 Other factors such as the size of baseline infarct, location of vessel occlusion, hemorrhagic transformation, and collateral integrity may also influence clinical outcome or recanalization.12 Prior studies have evaluated angiographic recanalization or clinical status as independent primary outcomes in the setting of IV-rtPA. However, few have combined CT imaging with clinical outcomes to report CMR, a comprehensive primary end point defined as angiographic recanalization and a good clinical outcome.7,12⇓⇓⇓–16 We analyzed clinical and CT imaging data from an acute ischemic stroke data base to determine the incidence of, and the factors contributing to, CMR.
Materials and Methods
Study Design
An analysis was performed of consecutive acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke admissions to a tertiary stroke center between January 2007 and January 2010. All subjects presented <3 hours after the onset of symptoms, demonstrated a vessel occlusion on baseline CTA, and were treated only with IV-rtPA (0.9 mg/kg). All patients underwent a standard stroke imaging protocol, including a baseline NCCT and CTA, a 24-hour CTA, and a 5- to 7-day MRI (n = 126). Clinical and radiologic data were collected by a stroke neurologist (5 years of experience) and neuroradiologist (6 years of experience). All procedures were in accordance with institutional guidelines and were approved by the institutional review board. All subjects or substitute decision makers provided informed consent for the use of clinical and radiologic data.
Clinical Parameters
Baseline data collected for all patients included NIHSS score, time from symptom onset to presentation, blood glucose, blood pressure, time to IV-rtPA, and rtPA dose. Cardiovascular risk factors, including history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes, were recorded. Clinical outcome was assessed using the mRS at 90 days. A good clinical outcome was defined by mRS ≤2.
Radiologic Parameters
An experienced neuroradiologist (6 years of experience), blinded to clinical data including final clinical outcome, collected all radiologic data. Baseline ASPECTS, collateral score, CBS, and location of vessel occlusion were noted for each patient at admission. Briefly, ASPECTS assigns a 10-point score to the affected hemisphere; 1 point is subtracted for each region of NCCT hypoattenuation. All patients in this study were eligible for IV-rtPA therapy and therefore did not have baseline ASPECTS <5 or hypoattenuation >one-third of the MCA territory. CBS assigns 10 points to normal ipsilateral vasculature and subtracts points depending on clot location and distribution.17,18 Two points each are deducted for the supraclinoid ICA segment, proximal MCA, and distal MCA. Infraclinoid ICA, anterior cerebral artery, and the M2 segment of the MCA are each assigned 1 point.
CT angiographic recanalization was assessed by comparing baseline to follow-up CTA axial and multiplanar MIP images on a PACS; CTA recanalization was considered present when complete or partial recanalization of the occluded arterial segment was identified. Proximal vessel occlusions included those within the ICA and/or the proximal half of the M1 MCA segment. Distal occlusions were within and distal to the lateral half of the M1 MCA segment. Coronal CTA MIP images were used to determine the length of the MCA and select a midpoint to divide the vessel into proximal and distal M1 segments. The division of MCA into proximal and distal accounts for the theoretic origin of collateral pathways through the proximal and distal lenticulostriate vessels, respectively. This approach has been recently validated.19
Hemorrhagic transformation was assessed with MR imaging at day 5, 6, or 7. The presence of either hemorrhagic infarction or parenchymal hemorrhage was considered positive for hemorrhage.20 CMR was defined as the composite of CT angiographic recanalization with a good clinical outcome (mRS ≤2).
Scan Acquisition Parameters and Scan Protocol
The CT stroke protocol was performed on a 64-section CT scanner. CTA was performed from the aortic arch to vertex with iodinated contrast agent up to a maximum of 90 mL injection at 5 mL/s with a 5- to 10-second delay. Multiplanar 7-mm MIP reconstructions and 4-mm axial CTA source image reformats were automatically generated at the scanner console and sent to the PACS. MR imaging sequences included axial FLAIR, DWI, T2 FSE, and sagittal T1 FLAIR.
Statistical Analysis
The mean and standard deviation were calculated for age, admission blood glucose, admission systolic blood pressure, and time to IV-rtPA. Differences between patients with and without CTA recanalization, good clinical outcome, and CMR were determined with a 1-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni analyses. The median and IQR were calculated for the ASPECTS, admission NIHSS score, CBS, and collateral score. Differences between groups were determined using a Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis. Differences in the frequency of clinical risk factors between groups were compared with the Mann-Whitney test.
Occlusion location was subdivided into ICA, proximal M1, distal M1, and M2–M4 segments of the MCA. Differences in occlusion location between patients with and without CTA recanalization, good clinical outcome, and CMR were determined using a Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric univariate analysis. Additional logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between location of vessel occlusion and CMR. Odds ratios and confidence intervals were calculated for each occlusion location after dichotomization of vessel occlusion into proximal (ICA and proximal M1) and distal (distal M1–M4). The relationship between NIHSS score and proximal occlusions was investigated with logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine significant predictors of successful recanalization. Age, baseline NIHSS, ASPECTS, CBS, time to IV-rtPA, occlusion location, and hemorrhagic transformation were entered into the model. Based on these results, a CMR score that included both admission NIHSS and occlusion location was devised and tested. NIHSS was divided into 4 categories of severity as previously published: 0 = NIHSS 0–7; 1 = NIHSS 8–14; 2 = NIHSS 15–20; 3 = NIHSS >20.21 For occlusion location, proximal occlusions (ICA-proximal M1) were scored 1 and distal occlusions (distal M1–M4) were scored 0. The CMR score was the sum of the stratified NIHSS score plus the occlusion score; the total CMR score for each patient ranged from 0–4.
The number and percentage of patients achieving CMR were stratified according to the CMR score. Akaike's information criterion (AIC = likelihood of the model + 2 × number of parameters) was used to determine which of the significant predictors, either independently or as a combined score, provided the best model for predicting CMR.22 The predictive value was also quantified by the entropy, r2, which equals (LO − LM)/LO, where LO and LM represent the maximized −2 (log likelihood) of the null model and the fitted model, respectively. P < .05 was considered significant.
Results
Frequency of Recanalization
Summary data for the study population are shown in Table 1. The mean age was 72.8 ± 12.1 years (men 64/126, 51%). CT angiographic recanalization occurred in 58% (73/126), good outcome was observed in 36% (45/126), and CMR occurred in 29% (36/126) of all patients. Of 73 patients with CT angiographic recanalization, 48% (35/73) had a good outcome (mRS ≤2).
Baseline clinical data
Comparison of Baseline Parameters for CT Angiographic Recanalization, Good Outcome, and Clinically Meaningful Recanalization
Tables 2 and 3 show the results of the univariate analysis in each of the 3 groups of patients, with and without recanalization, good outcome, and CMR. Patients with CMR had fewer neurologic deficits (P < .001) and higher ASPECTS (P = .041) than those without CMR. In contrast, the ASPECTS and NIHSS scores were not significantly different between patients with and without CTA recanalization. Collateral score was not significantly different between the 3 groups.
Univariate analysis in patients with and without recanalization, good outcome, or CMR
Clot location in patients with and without recanalization, good outcome, or CMR
Clot Location
Clot location was significantly different between groups with and without recanalization, good clinical outcome, and CMR. Post hoc analysis showed that CT angiographic recanalization (P < .0001) and CMR (P = .008) were less frequent in the presence of ICA occlusions (Fig 1). The frequency of CMR was significantly less when occlusions were located in the ICA (8.3%; P < .0001) or in the proximal M1 segment of the MCA (11.1%; P = .001). Of 48 patients with a proximal occlusion (ICA or proximal M1), only 14.6% (7/48) achieved CMR.
Recanalization of MCA occlusion without a good clinical outcome. A 67-year-old male patient presented 141 minutes after stroke onset. NIHSS score at presentation was 13, reducing to 10 following 99 mg of IV-rtPA. A, Baseline NCCT demonstrates a hyperattenuated left M1 MCA, ASPECTS of 6 (not shown), and CMR score = 2. B, CTA confirmed an MCA occlusion. C, Follow-up CTA demonstrates recanalization, and (D) an infarct within the left basal ganglia and frontal operculum on DWI. The 90-day mRS was 4.
The presence of either ICA occlusion (OR 0.201; 95% CI [0.057–0.712]; P = .005) or proximal M1 occlusions (OR 0.345; 95% CI [0.130–0.917]; P = .021) was a significant predictor of not achieving CMR.
Baseline NIHSS score was not a significant predictor of proximal vessel occlusion (OR 0.959; 95% CI [0.907–1.014]; P = .141) with an AUC of 0.587 (P = .103).
Predictors of CMR and Performance of the CMR Score
Following multivariate analysis, admission NIHSS score (P = .001) and proximal site of vessel occlusion (P = .022) remained significant predictors of CMR. A lower admission NIHSS score (OR 0.926; 95% CI [0.865–0.991]; P = .003) was associated with a higher likelihood of CMR, whereas CMR was less likely with proximal occlusions. Age, ASPECTS, time to IV-rtPA, CBS, and hemorrhagic transformation were not significant predictors of CMR.
The probability of clinically meaningful recanalization decreased with increasing CMR score (Table 4). Whereas 9/13 (69%) patients with a score of 0 achieved CMR, no patients with a score of 4 demonstrated CMR. The CMR score performed better for predicting clinically meaningful recanalization than either NIHSS or occlusion location alone (AIC 132.2, R2 13.5%; P < .0001) (Table 5).
Number and percentage of patients achieving a clinically meaningful recanalization stratified against the CMR score
AIC analysis
Discussion
We demonstrate that CMR was achieved in 29% of consecutive patients treated with IV-rtPA for acute anterior circulation stroke. Lower admission NIHSS score and a distal clot location are each significant predictors of CMR; however, a composite CMR score combining NIHSS and clot location is an even stronger predictor of CMR than either parameter alone. Importantly, NIHSS was not significantly associated with proximal occlusions. Proximal occlusions were significantly less likely to be associated with a good clinical outcome than distal vessel occlusions. Only 14.6% of patients with proximal vessel occlusion achieved CMR.
Indisputably, the goal of thrombolytic therapy is to achieve recanalization and a good clinical outcome or “clinically meaningful recanalization.” According to stroke guidelines based on National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study data, the decision to treat with IV-rtPA depends upon the exclusion of specific clinical and imaging parameters.20,23 Imaging exclusions are limited to the presence of hemorrhage and large hypoattenuation on NCCT.24 Proximal vessel occlusion is not considered a contraindication to IV-rtPA, despite poorer recanalization rates and outcomes reported by others and demonstrated in this study.12 The poor rate of CMR for proximal occlusions demonstrated in this study has clinical ramifications in the many centers where noninvasive vascular imaging is not, or cannot, be performed before thrombolysis treatment. The present data demonstrate that the identification of clot location with vascular imaging may provide crucial information for the purposes of triaging patients to IA versus IV therapy.
Our earlier practice, like many other centers, was to administer IV-rtPA to all eligible patients, irrespective of site of vessel occlusion, in accordance with stroke guidelines. However, our results indicate that patients harboring proximal vessel occlusions have only a 14.6% chance of achieving CMR after administration of IV-rtPA. Similarly, a recent study found that in IV-rtPA–treated patients, a proximal occlusion was associated with a 2.4 times higher risk of nonrecanalization, while no such association was seen for distal MCA occlusions.19 Significantly, a study assessing factors associated with futile recanalization in IA-treated patients found no association with clot location on multivariate analysis. Futile recanalization did, however, occur less frequently with more distal occlusions.7 The theoretic reduced time to restoring luminal patency and increased recanalization rates for IA therapy in patients with proximal occlusions may explain why outcome is independent of vessel occlusion site in IA-treated patients. These, and our findings, suggest that IA therapy may be beneficial in patients with proximal occlusions and potentially avoids the poor outcomes reported for IV-rtPA.4,5 With increased focus on clinically meaningful, rather than angiographic, recanalization,11 our results underscore the importance of utilizing advanced imaging to triage appropriate patients with proximal occlusions to IA therapy. In the absence of an interventional service, the decision to treat proximal occlusions with IV-rtPA should be made with careful consideration of the potential for exposing patients to more harm than benefit.
That NIHSS score and proximal occlusion site are associated with CMR is intuitive and indeed many clinical and imaging parameters have been shown to be associated with good clinical outcome or angiographic recanalization after stroke thrombolysis.1,7,18,25,26 However, very few studies have evaluated both radiologic and clinical factors in the context of CMR. Von Kummer et al12 showed that a good clinical outcome was more likely in the presence of more distal occlusions, good baseline function, and angiographic recanalization within 24 hours of treatment with IA or IV thrombolysis. Hussein et al7 evaluated combined clinical and radiologic factors, but did not include baseline imaging and thus could not evaluate the effect of infarct size or collateral score on outcome. A recent editorial, addressing the issue of futile recanalization, acknowledged that baseline infarct was 1 of 4 key features that need to be considered when evaluating CMR.27 Unlike the present study, Hussein et al7 included only patients treated by IA thrombolysis, limiting its applicability to most the acute stroke population. Therefore, further investigation into the factors that are associated with CMR, and not only angiographic recanalization or good clinical outcomes, is needed.
Although a higher NIHSS score may be seen with more proximal occlusions, a recent study of 699 patients demonstrated that 55% of patients with a proximal occlusion amenable to interventional therapy had an NIHSS score ≤10. The sensitivity for detection of a proximal occlusion in that study was only 48% using an NIHSS cutoff of ≥10.28 Similarly, the DIAS-2 phase III study demonstrated high NIHSS in the absence of vessel occlusions in up to 30% of patients.29 Importantly, in the present series, we showed no significant relationship between NIHSS score and site of vessel occlusion. Indeed, the presented multivariate analysis shows the need to consider both the clinical deficit at presentation (scored by the NIHSS) and the site of vessel occlusion when considering IV thrombolytic therapy.
Our findings emphasize the need for pooling of individual series and further studies that incorporate multimodal imaging. These data would provide clinicians with insight into baseline imaging and clinical features associated with CMR and facilitate risk stratification for future treatment.13,11,19 Understanding the factors that determine outcome may also guide the physician in counseling of family and patients when route of treatment and the anticipated prognosis for treatment or withholding treatment is discussed. Finally, with increased multimodal imaging use, there is an opportunity to move beyond basic structural imaging to facilitate physiologic selection of patients.13,30,31
A limitation of our study is the inability to determine the exact time of recanalization because of a fixed recanalization assessment time at 24-hour CTA. Previous studies have shown that faster recanalization is associated with better outcomes.32 While not addressed in this study, increased utilization of transcranial Doppler may compensate for this problem in the future.33 Division of occlusion location into proximal or distal may appear arbitrary; however, the classification scheme was used because of a high concurrence of terminal ICA occlusion in conjunction with proximal M1 occlusion; the previously published association between proximal occlusions, increased clot burden, and poor clinical outcome12,34⇓⇓–37; and more recent confirmation that baseline clinical factors impact differently upon proximal and distal MCA occlusions.19 In the present study, similar to others, we have demonstrated that occlusion of the distal half of the MCA is associated with higher recanalization rates than proximal MCA occlusions.18 We did not assess the volume of tissue at risk, the degree of mismatch, or the severity of reduction within penumbral tissue. While these factors have been cited as potential markers of favorable outcome, the ideal threshold and definition of mismatch remains to be determined.7,20,23,28,38 However, inclusion of perfusion data may have been useful to identify the “no reflow” phenomenon, whereby recanalization is not associated with reperfusion.39 Finally, we were unable to detect an effect of collateral circulation on clinically meaningful outcome despite prior reports of such an interaction.40,41 It is possible that the narrow scoring range of the collateral score used in this study underestimates the effect of collaterals on outcome.
Conclusions
CMR occurred in 29% of patients and is best predicted by both NIHSS score and clot location. Lower baseline neurologic deficit and distal occlusions are more likely to achieve CMR after IV-rtPA for acute stroke. These factors may be important considerations when deciding on the route of thrombolytic therapy in the context of acute ischemic stroke.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge our CT and MR imaging techs, without whose dedication and commitment this study would not have been possible.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Dr. Murphy received a summer student scholarship from the Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery; Dr. Symons is an advisor to Bayer, unrelated to the present research.
Previously presented in part at: Annual Meeting of the American Society for Neuroradiology, June 4–9, 2011; Seattle, Washington.
References
- Received January 17, 2012.
- Accepted after revision March 30, 2012.
- © 2013 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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