Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH are known to show longer patient survival than those without 1p/19q LOH, but the reason for this clinical difference has not been elucidated, to our knowledge. This study was designed to clarify whether uptake of MET correlates with 1p/19q LOH of oligodendroglial tumors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 102 consecutive patients with supratentorial WHO grade II and III oligodendroglial tumors (39 oligoastrocytic and 63 oligodendroglial tumors) that were resected and diagnosed between January 2008 and August 2011 at Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital. These patients underwent MET PET T/N ratio measurement before treatment. T/N ratios were calculated by dividing the maximum SUV for the tumor by the mean SUV of the contralateral normal frontal cortex. After surgery, FISH for resected tissues was used to determine 1p/19q LOH.
RESULTS: The mean T/N ratio of tumors with 1p/19q LOH was significantly greater than that of tumors without 1p/19q LOH (P = .0166). The threshold T/N ratio value of 2.46 was found to correlate significantly with 1p/19q LOH by univariate (P = .0011) and multivariate analyses (P = .0209) in all tumors.
CONCLUSIONS: The T/N ratio on MET PET might be a useful aid to the diagnosis of 1p/19q LOH. Our data add new information on the biology and imaging characteristics of oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- FISH
- fluorescence in situ hybridization
- LAT1
- l-type amino acid transporter
- MET
- 11C methionine
- MIB1
- mindbomb homolog 1
- 1p/19q LOH
- combined loss of heterozygosity of chromosomes 1p and 19q
- SUV
- standard uptake value
- T/N
- tumor/normal
- WHO
- World Health Organization
The 1p/19q LOH is present in 50%–70% of oligodendroglial tumors.1 Tumors with 1p/19q LOH show prolonged patient survival compared with those with intact 1p/19q,2,3 but the reason for this clinical difference is not well-elucidated. Jenkinson et al4 reported that perfusion MR imaging studies revealed high relative CBV to be more likely in oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH. They speculated that increased vascularity and concomitant drug delivery may contribute to the chemoresponsiveness of such tumors. Preoperative prediction of 1p/19q LOH by using a noninvasive imaging technique is essential to improve the clinical management of oligodendroglial tumors, such as the surgical strategy. Recently, McGirt et al5 reported that maximum extensive resection for low-grade glioma was associated with longer survival. However, we might be able to avoid doing extensive resection for oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH, which is a good prognostic factor to prevent neurologic deterioration, especially located in the eloquent area.
PET examination of MET uptake is the noninvasive imaging method generally considered to provide the most reliable images for evaluating gliomas and is reported to delineate gliomas more accurately than MR imaging.6 Several studies have suggested that MET uptake measured with PET reflects the proliferative index7 and microvessel attenuation of glioma tissues,8 putative markers of protein synthesis and amino acid transport through microvessels, respectively. Furthermore, Kato et al7 previously showed that MET uptake was significantly higher in oligodendrogliomas than in diffuse astrocytomas; this finding suggests that oligodendrogliomas have a higher vascular bed than diffuse astrocytomas.
We speculated that MET PET uptake correlated with tumor blood volume, in common with the results of a perfusion MR imaging study,9 and may be useful in preoperative prediction of 1p/19q LOH in oligodendroglial tumors. To our knowledge, no published study has examined a correlation between MET uptake and 1p/19q LOH for patients with oligodendroglial tumors. The aim of this study was to determine whether MET uptake on a preoperative PET study correlates with 1p/19q LOH of oligodendroglial tumors.
Materials and Methods
Patients and Histologic Diagnosis
This study included 102 consecutive patients with WHO grade II and III supratentorial oligodendroglial tumors that were resected and diagnosed between January 2008 and August 2011 at Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital. The histopathologic assessment revealed 63 oligodendroglial tumors (41 oligodendrogliomas and 22 anaplastic oligodendrogliomas) and 39 oligoastrocytic tumors (22 oligoastrocytomas and 17 anaplastic oligoastrocytomas).
The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of our institution; written informed consent from the patients was waived. To protect patient privacy, we removed all identifiers from our records on the completion of our analyses.
PET
PET scans were obtained as previously described.7 The PET study was performed according to the standardized procedure used in Chubu Medical Center. The PET scanner was an Advance NXi Imaging System (GE Yokokawa Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan), which provides 35 transaxial images at 4.25-mm intervals. The in-plane spatial resolution (full width at half maximum) was 4.8 mm, and the scan mode was the standard 2D mode. Before the emission scan was obtained, a 3-minute transmission scan was obtained to correct photon attenuation with a ring source containing 68Ge. A dose of 7.0 MBq/kg of MET was injected intravenously. The emission scan was acquired for 30 minutes, beginning 5 minutes after the MET injection. The images were reconstructed with the ordered-subsets expectation maximization algorithm.
MR Imaging
MR imaging was performed on a 1.5T system (Signa; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). T1- and T2-weighted images were acquired by using our standard protocol. For coregistration of metabolic and anatomic data, we also acquired 3D spoiled gradient-echo images after administration of 0.2 mL/kg of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist; Nihon Shering, Osaka, Japan) by using the following parameters: no gap; 1.0-mm thickness; TR, 20 ms; TE, 1.6 ms; flip angle, 15°; NEX, 1; and axial views.
Data Analysis
Data analysis was performed as previously reported.7 Tracer accumulation in the region of interest was analyzed as the SUV, which is the activity concentration in the region of interest at a fixed time point divided by the injected dose normalized to the patient's measured weight. The MET T/N ratios were calculated by dividing the maximum SUV for the tumor by the mean SUV of the contralateral normal frontal cortex. The tumor maximum SUVs were selected showing the highest accumulation, and a circular reference region of interest was drawn with a diameter of 10 mm on each of the 3 axial planes. Coregistration of PET and MR imaging was undertaken in all cases with Dr. View, an image-analysis software package (AJS, Tokyo, Japan). If increased accumulation was absent or not clear, a region of interest was selected in consultation with the fusion image. We used the T/N ratio instead of absolute SUV because of the high unexplained intersubject variability of the SUV. We used the tumor maximum SUV instead of the tumor mean SUV to minimize the effect of tumor heterogeneity. For evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of the T/N ratio in discrimination of 1p/19 LOH–positive and –negative tumors, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed with calculation of the area under the curve. For this purpose, the Youden index was used to calculate the optimal cutoff value of the T/N ratio.10 Consequently, we selected a T/N ratio value of 2.46 as the cutoff point and classified the patients into 2 groups: those with tumors with T/N <2.46 and T/N ≥2.46.
Tissue Specimens and Immunohistochemical Staining
Tumors were classified into histologic subtypes from representative hematoxylin-eosin slides according to the WHO criteria. An avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase or Simple Stain MAX-peroxidase (Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan) technique was used to perform an MIB1 monoclonal antibody (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) assay according to the manufacturer's instructions in selected sections of each case. We determined the MIB1 labeling index by counting 1000 tumor cell nuclei. We selected the mean value of the MIB1 labeling index as the cutoff point and classified the patients into 2 groups: those with <7.5% and ≥7.5%.
Molecular Studies (Loss of Heterozygosity of Chromosomes 1p and 19q)
The standard method of FISH was used to determine the 1p/19q deletion as described previously.11 The 2-color FISH assay was performed on 5-mm-thick sections, by using mixed 1p36/1q25 and 19q13/19p13 dual-color probe sets (catalog no. 30-231003; Abbott Molecular, Abbott Park, Illinois).
Samples showing sufficient FISH efficiency (90% nuclei with signals) were evaluated. Signals were scored in at least 200 nonoverlapping intact nuclei. Deletions of 1p and 19q were defined as 33% of tumor nuclei containing the LOH pattern (or the signal ratio of 1p/1q < 0.84, and 19q/19p < 0.85), as reported by van den Bent et al.12
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 16.0) software package (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois). Correlations between the status of 1p/19q LOH and patient characteristics (sex, age, calcification on CT images, MIB1 labeling index, and T/N ratio) were calculated by using the χ2 test. A t test was used for statistical comparison of the T/N ratio between grades II and III in all tumors, 1p/19q LOH–positive and 1p/19q LOH–negative in all tumors, within grade II tumors, and within grade III tumors.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationships between the status of 1p/19q LOH and variables such as sex, age, calcification, and T/N ratio. A P value <.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.
Results
The demographics of the patient population, histologic diagnosis, status of the 1p/19q, MIB1 labeling index, and CT findings are shown in Table 1. The mean T/N ratio was significantly higher for grade III tumors (3.323 ± 1.386) than for grade II tumors (2.674 ± 1.003) (Fig 1A). Furthermore, the mean T/N ratio of tumors with 1p/19q LOH (3.100 ± 1.163) was significantly greater than that of tumors without 1p/19q LOH (2.473 ± 1.193) in all tumors (Fig 1B). Within grade II tumors, the mean T/N ratio of tumors with 1p/19q LOH (2.921 ± 1.013) was also significantly higher than that of tumors without 1p/19q LOH (1.946 ± 0.501) (Fig 1C). However, no significant difference was observed in the mean T/N ratio between tumors with (3.423 ± 1.357) and without (3.122 ± 1.478) 1p/19q LOH within grade III tumors (Fig 1D).
Patient demographics, clinical data, pathologic findings, and CT findings
A, Boxplots of T/N ratio values for grade II and III tumors. B, Boxplots of T/N ratio values for 1p/19q LOH–positive and –negative tumors in all tumors. C, Boxplots of T/N ratio values for 1p/19q LOH–positive and –negative in grade II tumors. D, Boxplots of T/N ratio values for 1p/19q LOH–positive and –negative in grade III tumors. Yes indicates 1p/19q LOH–positive; No, 1p/19q LOH–negative.
Univariate analyses showed no significant correlation between 1p/19q LOH status and sex, age, or MIB1 labeling index (Table 2), but 1p/19q LOH status significantly correlated with the presence of calcification and the threshold T/N ratio value of 2.46.
Subgroups of 1p/19q LOH status and patient characteristicsa
Multivariate analyses by using the logistic regression model showed that only the threshold T/N ratio value of 2.46 significantly correlated with the presence of 1p/19q LOH in all tumors (Table 3) and also within grade II tumors (Table 3). No significant correlation was observed between 1p/19q LOH and the threshold T/N ratio value of 2.46 within grade III tumors (Table 3). Representative images are shown in Figs 2 and 3.
Multivariate logistic regression model predicting 1p/19q LOHa
A–C, A representative 1p/19q LOH–negative oligodendroglioma. A, CT image shows a left insular tumor without calcification. B, T2-weighted MR image shows the high-intensity tumor in the insula. C, T2-weighted MR image coregistered with the MET PET image shows the T/N ratio value to be 1.47. D–F, A representative 1p/19q LOH–positive oligoastrocytoma. D, CT scan shows a right frontal tumor with calcification. E, T2-weighted MR image shows the high-intensity tumor in the right frontal lobe. F, T2-weighted MR image coregistered with the MET PET image shows the T/N ratio value to be 3.66.
A–C, A representative 1p/19q LOH–negative anaplastic oligodendroglioma. A, CT scan shows a left frontal tumor without calcification. B, T2-weighted MR image shows the high-intensity tumor in the left frontal lobe. C, T2-weighted MR image coegistered with the MET PET image shows the T/N ratio value to be 1.39. D–F, A representative 1p/19q LOH–positive anaplastic oligoastrocytoma. D, CT scan shows a left frontal tumor with calcification. E, T2-weighted MR image shows the high-intensity tumor in the left frontal lobe. F, T2-weighted MR image coregistered with the MET PET image shows the T/N ratio value to be 5.94.
Discussion
We have demonstrated by PET that 1p/19q LOH correlates with MET uptake in oligodendroglial tumors. The threshold T/N ratio value of 2.46 might be a useful aid to differentiate 1p/19q LOH–positive from –negative tumors. Several studies have aimed at preoperatively predicting 1p/19q LOH by using a noninvasive technique. Jenkinson et al13 reported that tumors with sharp smooth imaging features and homogeneous signal intensity on MR imaging were more likely to have intact 1p/19q. Furthermore, Brown et al14 showed that the S-transform-based quantitative MR imaging texture of T2 sequences may have the potential to recognize 1p/19q LOH with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 96%. Walker et al15 used PET and single-photon emission CT studies to show that oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH were more likely than those without it to show increased uptake of 201Tl and, with a weaker association, to be hypermetabolic for 18FDG. They reported that elevated metabolism was associated with not only WHO grade but also 1p/19q LOH. They also speculated that increased 201Tl uptake was associated with angiogenesis in gliomas. These data indicate that oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH demonstrate increased blood volume due to their higher metabolic demands.
Several studies reported that increased tumor perfusion on MR imaging was associated with 1p/19q LOH in oligodendroglial tumors.4,16 Oligodendrogliomas often have an attenuated network of branching capillaries that resemble chicken wire. Therefore, CBV values are often higher for oligodendroglial tumors than for astrocytic tumors.17 In addition, Watanabe et al18 showed that the presence of a chicken wire vascular pattern was significantly associated with 1p/19q LOH in 19 oligodendrogliomas. These data also suggest that oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH show an increase in tumor blood volume on perfusion MR imaging.
MET PET studies have suggested that MET uptake reflects both angiogenesis8 and proliferative activity.7 Kato et al7 previously reported that the MET T/N ratio did not correlate with the MIB1 labeling index in oligodendroglial tumors. We also found that the T/N ratio did not correlate with the MIB1 labeling index in oligodendroglial tumors (data not shown). Nojiri et al19 reported that the increase in tumor microvessel area without an accompanying increase in the microvessel count corresponded to the higher MET uptake in gliomas. Furthermore, Sadeghi et al20 identified a positive correlation between CBV obtained by using perfusion MR images and MET uptake, concluding that the tumor vascular bed represented by CBV plays an important role in MET PET uptake in gliomas. Okita et al21 reported that microvessel density plays much less a part in MET uptake than cell density and the Ki-67 index; however, their study included only 2 oligodendroglial tumors (2/11 patients), which caused results different from ours. Recently, Okubo et al22 demonstrated that expression of LAT1 was significantly correlated with MET uptake in gliomas. Their results indicated that MET transport may be increased by an increased number of microvessels combined with a higher attenuation or activity of LAT1 in the tumor endothelial cells. Consequently, these data suggest that oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH show high MET uptake, reflecting not only increased tumor blood volume but also increased transport of MET from the tumor endothelial cells, suggesting a higher metabolic demand. Analyses of these factors add new information on the biology and imaging characteristics of oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH.
Our data showed that T/N ratios of 1p/19q LOH–positive tumors were significantly higher than –negative tumors within grade II oligodendroglial tumors. However, T/N ratios did not correlate significantly with 1p/19q LOH within grade III tumors. Similarly, Kapoor et al23 reported that increased tumor blood volume on perfusion MR imaging studies is associated with 1p/19q LOH in grade II oligodendrogliomas, but not in grade III tumors. These data suggest that other factors in addition to 1p/19q LOH may contribute to the increase in tumor blood volume, especially within grade III tumors. For example, vascular endothelial growth factor is a marker of angiogenesis and has been shown to correlate with higher grade oligodendroglial tumors,24 reflecting endothelial hyperplasia and microvascular proliferation. Therefore, we speculate that the T/N ratio of grade III oligodendroglial tumors is influenced not only by 1p/19q LOH but also by further angiogenesis with increased malignancy.
We demonstrated that 1p/19q LOH correlated with high MET uptake. While De Witte et al25 reported that high MET uptake represents a poor prognostic factor for WHO grade II and III tumors, they included astrocytic tumors, 31/56 cases, in their study. Oligodendroglial tumors have different mechanisms of MET uptake from astrocytic tumors, reflecting the finding that a tumor vascular bed strongly influences the high MET uptake. Therefore, these tumors should be analyzed separately. Jenkinson et al4 reported that unlike astrocytic gliomas, high CBV values in oligodendroglial neoplasms with 1p/19q LOH do not necessarily indicate aggressive biology, suggestive of differences in the baseline biology of 1p/19q LOH–positive and –negative subtypes. In addition, they speculated that increased vascularity and concomitant drug delivery may contribute to the chemoresponsiveness of such tumors. Therefore, these studies suggest that survival is longer for oligodendroglial tumors with high MET uptake, which is associated with treatment sensitivity.
Our data demonstrated that 1p/19q LOH status significantly correlated with calcification by using univariate analysis. Calcification is a common radiologic finding in oligodendroglial tumors. Megyesi et al26 reported that 17 of 19 tumors seen to be calcified on CT had 1p/19q LOH. They speculated that calcification is a biologic effect downstream of 1p/19q LOH. However, their study and ours do not provide definitive evidence for this correlation, and additional study is recommended.
Our study has some limitations. First, we observed no direct correlation between the focus of the MET high uptake and the histopathology. Further investigations, aiming to directly correlate imaging with the histologic findings, such as stereotactic techniques, will strengthen the validity of MET PET as a noninvasive imaging marker of 1p/19q LOH. Second, our study was retrospective and did not include prognostic information. Therefore, longer and prospective analyses including prognostic values are needed. Third, our data have overlap in T/N ratio values between 1p/19q LOH–positive and –negative tumors. Therefore, the clinical utility of this method should be carefully evaluated and may need an additional adjunctive method to separate 1p/19q LOH-positive from LOH-negative tumors more clearly, for example, a dynamic PET study.
Conclusions
We have demonstrated that high MET uptake is associated with 1p/19q LOH in oligodendroglial tumors and that a T/N ratio might be a useful aid in the diagnosis of 1p/19q LOH. Our data add new information on the biology and imaging characteristics of oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q LOH. Further study, including prediction of prognosis, is essential to fully evaluate the role of MET PET in the noninvasive diagnosis of 1p/19q LOH in oligodendroglial tumors.
Acknowledgments
We thank Takashi Sakayori and Asuka Komori, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan, for the immunohistochemical staining and the molecular genetic analyses of 1p and 19q losses; and Soko Ikuta, Faculty of Advanced Techno-Surgery, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, for the data analyses of MET PET.
Footnotes
This study was supported in part by National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund.
The authors have no personal financial or institutional interest in any of the drugs, materials, or devices described in this article.
References
- Received February 8, 2012.
- Accepted after revision March 20, 2012.
- © 2013 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
